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Topic Review
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Metabolic-Associated Liver Disease
Metabolic-associated liver disease (MAFLD) affects up to 70% of overweight and more than 90% of morbidly obese people, and its pathogenesis is rather complex and multifactorial. The criteria for MAFLD include the presence of hepatic steatosis in addition to one of the following three criteria: overweight or obesity, presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or evidence of metabolic dysregulation. If the specific criteria are present, the diagnosis of MAFLD can be made regardless of alcohol consumption and previous liver disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MAFLD, including inflammation, lipotoxicity, mitochondrial disfunction, and oxidative stress, as well as the impact of intestinal gut microbiota, are constantly being elucidated. 
  • 236
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), also called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are relatively uncommon, heterogenous tumors primarily originating in the gastrointestinal tract. With the improvement in technology and increasing use of cross-sectional imaging and endoscopy, they are being discovered with increasing frequency. Advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic technique scan play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of this rare condition.
  • 235
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopy on Reducing and Preventing Musculoskeletal Injuries
Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy forms an important part of the daily practice of a gastroenterologist. Its use and applicability nowadays shift from diagnostic to therapeutic fields, and it forms a significant part of the workload of the GI practitioner. Ergonomics in GI endoscopy plays an important role in occupational injury prevention. Due to a higher volume of procedures, the problem with musculoskeletal injuries is becoming bigger and everyday more present among fellow gastroenterologists.
  • 235
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Exosomes in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer
Exosomes are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells have been found to secrete exosomes for intercellular communication. Exosomal pathways play vital roles in the pathogenesis of EBV-related malignancies. 
  • 235
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Modalities of Endoscopic Ultrasound without Biopsy
Gastric subepithelial lesions (SELs) are intramural lesions that arise underneath the gastric mucosa. SELs can be benign, but can also be malignant or have malignant potential. Their correct identification is of vital importance for a successful management. Due to their location, standard luminal endoscopy cannot determine the exact nature of these lesions. Therefore, endosonography (EUS) alone or EUS with fine needle aspiration (FNA) or fine needle biopsy (FNB) have been established as the next step in the diagnostic algorithm.
  • 234
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Visceral Hypersensitivity Association with  Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a severe problem in the health service. It is estimated that it accounts for 3% of all medical consultations. Moreover, this diagnosis is made in the case of about 40% of all outpatient gastroenterological referrals. The visceral stimuli from the digestive tract are transmitted via afferent nerves through the spinal cord to the brain, where they are felt as pain. The overreaction observed in the brain of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients may be due to increased peripheral sensitivity to stimuli from the gastrointestinal tract.
  • 233
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MRI-Based Assessment of Rectal Cancer Post-Neoadjuvant Therapy
Rectal cancer presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, with neoadjuvant therapy playing a pivotal role in improving resectability and patient outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a critical tool in assessing treatment response.
  • 232
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
JAK-STAT Pathway in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Colitis Patients
Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal component in the treatment of various malignancies, encompassing lung, skin, gastrointestinal, and head and neck cancers. The foundation of this therapeutic approach lies in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). While ICIs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in impeding the neoplastic progression of these tumours, their use may give rise to substantial toxicity, notably in the gastrointestinal domain, where ICI colitis constitutes a significant aspect. The optimal positioning of Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway inhibitors in the therapeutic management of ICI colitis remains unclear. Numerous reports have highlighted notable improvements in ICI colitis through the application of pan-JAK-STAT inhibitors, with tofacitinib, in particular, reporting evident clinical remission of colitis. 
  • 233
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Methods of Measuring Pancreatic Cystic Lesion Size
The incidence of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) has been rising due to improvements in imaging. Of these, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are the most common and are thought to contribute to almost 20% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. All major society guidelines for the management of IPMNs use size defined by maximum diameter as the primary determinant of whether surveillance or surgical resection is recommended. However, there is no consensus on how these measurements should be obtained or whether a single imaging modality is superior. Furthermore, the largest diameter may fail to capture the complexity of PCLs, as most are not perfectly spherical.
  • 226
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
GLP-1RA-Associated Side Effects and Potential Concerns
Amidst the obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) stand out as a promising therapeutic ally, achieving notable success in glycemic control and weight management. While GLP-1RAs’ positive clinical outcomes are commendable, they introduce significant gastrointestinal (GI) challenges, emphasizing the pivotal role of gastroenterologists in understanding and managing these implications. Physicians should be vigilant of potential complications if endoscopy is indicated and considered.
  • 225
  • 05 Mar 2024
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