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Topic Review
OCA on Different Physiological Processes through FXR Activation
Obeticholic acid (OCA) or 6-alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid is a semisynthetic modified bile acid derivative that acts on the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) as an agonist with a higher potency than bile acid. The FXR is a nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver and small intestine and regulates bile acid, cholesterol, glucose metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis. 
  • 474
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Treatments for Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Rare diseases, especially monogenic diseases, which usually affect a single target protein, have attracted growing interest in drug research by encouraging pharmaceutical companies to design and develop therapeutic products to be tested in the clinical arena. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is one of these rare diseases. AIP is characterized by haploinsufficiency in the third enzyme of the heme biosynthesis pathway. Identification of the liver as the target organ and a detailed molecular characterization have enabled the development and approval of several therapies to manage this disease.
  • 473
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently the third most frequent form of malignancy and the second in terms of mortality. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are recognized risk factors for this type of cancer. Despite a worldwide increase in the incidence of CRC, the risk of CRC-related death in IBD patients has declined over time, probably because of successful surveillance strategies, the use of more effective drugs in the management of remission and improved indications to colectomy. 
  • 472
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Insulin Resistance and NAFLD development
Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which insulin action is altered. In metabolic terms, IR represents the inability of a fixed amount of insulin to metabolize a known amount of glucose in an individual as compared to the general population. 
  • 471
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide due to its high rates of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to play a significant role in HCC development, progression and clinical impact on tumor behavior.
  • 469
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Technical Challenges to TIPS and Modifications in Approach
TIPS involves creating an artificial conduit between the hepatic and portal veins to decrease the portal pressure and resolve the associated complications of portal hypertension. The procedure has traditionally been performed under fluoroscopic guidance with or without wedge portography or carbon dioxide angiography to delineate the portal venous branches. In patients with anatomically challenging scenarios such as chronic portal vein thrombosis, traditional TIPS procedure methods may not prove technically successful. 
  • 469
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Secondary Primary Cancer after Primary Gastric Cancer
Advances in cancer screening and early detection, as well as improvements in surgical techniques and therapeutics, have contributed to decreasing gastric cancer mortality. The number of gastric cancer survivors continues to rise; however, long-term follow-up has revealed an increase in the risk of post-gastrectomy symptoms or other health problems, such as extra-gastric secondary primary cancer (SPC), in these survivors. The characteristics of SPC are of increasing interest to both treatment providers and gastric cancer survivors.
  • 467
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Osteoporosis/Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease
The prevalence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia is significantly higher in patients with liver disease than in those without liver disease and osteoporosis and sarcopenia negatively influence morbidity and mortality in liver disease.
  • 466
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Current Helicobacter Pylori Diagnostics
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common human pathogens and a leading etiological factor for various gastroduodenal diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and MALT lymphoma. According to the latest systematic review with meta-analysis, 44.3% (95% CI: 40.9–47.7) of the global population are infected with this microorganism. Timely diagnosis and subsequent eradication of H. pylori in adults allows one to resolve inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa and prevent the development of precancerous conditions (atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia).
  • 464
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to play a pivotal role in various human physiological functions and diseases. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, research has suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is also involved in the development and severity of COVID-19 symptoms by regulating SARS-CoV-2 entry and modulating inflammation.
  • 461
  • 17 Feb 2023
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