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Topic Review
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Management of Cancer
In a mutually beneficial connection with its host, the gut microbiota affects the host’s nutrition, immunity, and metabolism. An increasing number of studies have shown links between certain types of disease and gut dysbiosis or specific microorganisms. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is strongly advised for the treatment of recurrent or resistant Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) due to its outstanding clinical effectiveness against CDI. The therapeutic potential of FMT for other disorders, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases and malignancies, is currently gaining more and more attention. 
  • 480
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Peripheral Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Peripheral diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), representing the most clinically relevant manifestation of typical forms of diabetic neuropathy (DN). DPN has been associated with another pathological condition linked to DM and obesity, the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a metabolically derangement-based liver disease, defined by the presence of steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes, in association with metabolic risk factors (such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia) and in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption or other chronic liver diseases.
  • 480
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Synbiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorders that are characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The involvement of three distinct recurrent inflammatory features that sustains the chronic inflammation in IBD have been clearly identified that includes, disturbances in the gut microbiota, dysregulated immune response and altered colonic epithelial integrity. Dietary components such as prebiotic dietary fibres (DF) and probiotics due to their potential in modulating immune functions and influencing microbiota are promising strategies in the context of IBD. In this entry, we review the recent evidence from in-vivo studies to support the application of synergistic synbiotic carrying whole-plant complex prebiotic fibre and probiotic in resolving in the inflammatory cycle in IBD.
  • 479
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic liver disease, which classically includes a spectrum of progressive pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with different grades of fibrosis and cirrhosis. NAFLD is also a “multisystemic” disease, NAFLD is independently associated with serious hepatic complications (e.g., hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC]), but also with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • 479
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition in Pediatric IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and unclassified inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-U), characterized by a chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract with a relapsing-remitting behavior, and variably presenting with abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and weight loss. Dietary factors and malnutrition play a primary role in the onset and management of pediatric IBD. Moreover, an appropriate diet can decrease the risk of IBD flares, and an age-adequate nutritional status can decrease the risk of complications and surgery in the long-term stage of the disease. Enteral nutrition has a significant impact on mucosal inflammation in CD, and clinical response to oral polymeric diet is associated with down-regulation of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nutritional strategies, such as exclusive enteral nutrition or CDED diet, have shown to be more effective than steroids in inducing clinical remission in pediatric patients.
  • 478
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases. The incidence and mortality rates of this disease vary depending on geographical area, which might be explained by the different exposure to risk factors. Currently, the risk factors for pancreatic cancer fall into two broad categories, namely extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Extrinsic factors include alcohol consumption, smoking, a diet rich in saturated fats, and viral infections such as chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. The pathophysiological mechanisms explaining how these hepatotropic viruses contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer are not fully elucidated. The common origin of hepatocytes and pancreatic cells in the multipotent endodermal cells, the common origin of the blood vessels and biliary ducts of the pancreas and the liver, or chronic inflammatory changes may be involved in this interaction.
  • 478
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation-Driven Colorectal Cancer Associated with Colitis
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), mainly because of chronic intestinal inflammation. Some unique molecular differences occur in colitis-associated CRC, resulting in a different sequence of events, primarily of inflammation–dysplasia–carcinoma, compared to sporadic cases.
  • 479
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Digestive Healthcare
With modern society well entrenched in the digital area, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to extract useful information from big data has become more commonplace in our daily lives than we perhaps realize. A number of medical specialties such as Gastroenterology rely heavily on medical images to establish disease diagnosis and patient prognosis, as well as to monitor disease progression. Moreover, some such imaging techniques have been adapted so that they can potentially deliver therapeutic interventions. The digitalization of medical imaging has paved the way for important advances in this field, including the design of AI solutions to aid image acquisition and analysis.
  • 477
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
The Role of aHSCs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a global healthcare challenge, which affects more than 815,000 new cases every year. Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) remain the principal cells that drive HCC onset and growth. aHSCs suppress the anti-tumor immune response through interaction with different immune cells. They also increase the deposition of the extracellular matrix proteins, challenging the reversion of fibrosis and increasing HCC growth and metastasis.
  • 476
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbial Modulation
Gut microbial composition codevelops with the host from birth and is influenced by several factors, including drug use, radiation, psychological stress, dietary changes and physical stress. Importantly, gut microbial dysbiosis has been clearly associated with several diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, and is known to affect human health and performance.
  • 475
  • 12 Oct 2022
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