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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
The Applications of Colonic Transendoscopic Enteral Tubing
The limitation of traditional delivery methods for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) gave birth to colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing (TET) to address the requirement of frequent FMTs. Colonic TET as a novel endoscopic intervention has received increasing attention in practice since 2015 in China. Emerging studies from multiple centers indicate that colonic TET is a promising, safe, and practical delivery method for microbial therapy and administering medication with high patient satisfaction.
  • 592
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Crohn’s Disease and Intestinal Cancers
Crohn's Disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing–remitting disease, which can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract with transmural inflammation. It is characterized by a progressive course with damage accumulation and onset of complications. CD patients have an increased risk of both intestinal and extra-intestinal cancers compared to the general population and chronic inflammation has been identified as the main risk factor for cancerization.
  • 591
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis Therapies and Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the association with other autoimmune diseases is well-documented. There are many therapeutic options for the treatment of MS. Most of the available drugs cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to variable extents with heterogeneous clinical and biological manifestations, including liver injury with or without signs of hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. The different disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and immunomodulating treatments used in the management of MS include interferon beta (IFN-β), glatiramer acetate (GA), natalizumab, fingolimod, mitoxantrone, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, alemtuzumab, daclizumab, and ocrelizumab. These drugs are largely available in the USA and Europe, but with some differences in indications.
  • 585
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Esophageal and Gastric Tumors
Gastric and esophageal tumors are diverse neoplasms that involve mucosal and submucosal tissue layers and include squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, spindle cell neoplasms, neuroendocrine tumors, marginal B cell lymphomas, along with less common tumors. The worldwide burden of esophageal and gastric malignancies is significant, with esophageal and gastric cancer representing the ninth and fifth most common cancers, respectively. The approach to diagnosis and staging of these lesions is multimodal and includes a combination of gastrointestinal endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and cross-sectional imaging. Likewise, therapy is multidisciplinary and combines therapeutic endoscopy, surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapeutic tools. Future directions for diagnosis of esophageal and gastric malignancies are evolving rapidly and will involve advances in endoscopic and endosonographic techniques including tethered capsules, optical coherence tomography, along with targeted cytologic and serological analyses. 
  • 583
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cross-Sectional Imaging Instead of Colonoscopy
Recently, cross-sectional imaging techniques have been increasingly shown as reliable tools for assessing Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) activity. While computed tomography (CT) is hampered by radiation risks, routine implementation of magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) for close monitoring is limited by its costs, low availability and long examination time. Novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), can overcome some of these weaknesses and have been shown as valuable options for IBD monitoring. Bowel ultrasound (BUS) is a noninvasive, highly available, cheap, and well accepted procedure that has been demonstrated to be as accurate as CS and MRE for assessing and monitoring disease activity in IBD. Furthermore, as BUS can be quickly performed at the point-of-care, it allows for real-time clinical decision making.
  • 582
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The interaction of the cellular environment surrounding the tumor plays a relevant role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis. The tumor microenvironment is directly implicated in the modulation of liver fibrosis, the process of hepatocarcinogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis. Besides liver cancer cells, several cell types participate in the tumor progression in the liver. 
  • 579
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation in COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped and positive-sense single stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus. It belongs to the betacoronavirus family, one of the four groups of the coronoviridae, which also includes two highly pathogenic viruses, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Human Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov).
  • 578
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (pNETs)
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs) are a group of rare neoplasms with an incidence of 1–2/100,000 inhabitants/year. They represent 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms and are characterized by a great heterogeneity according to their genetic or sporadic origin, their functional or non-functional character, their degree of locoregional or systemic invasion and their single or multiple localization. The reference curative treatment is surgical resection of the pancreatic tumor in specialized high-volume centres, after a multidisciplinary discussion involving surgeons, oncologists, radiologists and pathologists.
  • 577
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Autophagy in Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process for the ordered degradation and recycling of cellular components in lysosomes. In the liver this process is relevant for maintaining liver homeostasis, especially in conditions of hepatic insults.
  • 576
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Gut Virome in Childhood Diseases
Mammals are colonized by numerous microbes, collectively referred to as the microbiota. The microbiota forms a stable symbiotic relationship with the host and is indispensable for health maintenance. Although the eubacteria are the best characterized component of the human gut microbiota, it also includes commensal populations of viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites and archaea. Evidence highlights that the virome, consisting in DNA and RNA eukaryotic viruses, bacterial viruses (i.e., bacteriophages) and archaeal viruses, exerts a fundamental role in the host wellbeing. Indeed, alterations of the adult virome have been linked to increased disease susceptibility, suggesting that maintaining or restoring a structurally and functionally correct composition of the virome might represent in the near future a promising approach to prevent or cure different human diseases. Although the knowledge of childhood virome is currently very limited, modifications of the virome composition have been associated with several diseases during the pediatric age, such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, malnutrition, diarrhea and celiac disease. 
  • 576
  • 14 May 2021
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