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Topic Review
Infant Gut Microbiota
Evidence is accumulating which shows that maternal transmission of microbes to the infant gut occurs prenatally, in utero. However, the first big wave of microbial colonization occurs after birth. Gut microbial dysbiosis in infant increase the risk of subsequent asthma through a number of perinatal factors such as diet, delivery mode, antibiotic exposure, maternal asthma during pregnancy and pre-gestational body mass index. Nutrition plays a fundamental role as a potent modifiable factor influencing the human gut microbiota composition, which provides new insights into therapeutic strategies aimed at manipulating the gut microbiota through dietary modification. There is very little evidence to date linking maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with alterations in the infant gut microbiota. The effect of maternal dietary nutrient intake causes alterations in breast milk microbiota composition. There is however a paucity of human data examining the effects and underlying mechanisms of maternal diet on the infant gut microbiota shaping through the alteration of milk microbiota composition. Further long-term cohort studies are needed where the effect of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation on the infant gut microbiota composition are studied in further detail in context of asthma development and may provide useful insights into potential mechanisms that could potentially reduce the risk of asthma.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Disorders and Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which include gastrointestinal reflux disease, gastric ulceration, inflammatory bowel disease, and other functional GI disorders, have become prevalent in a large part of the world population. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is cluster of disorders including obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, and is associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Gut dysbiosis is one of the contributing factors to the pathogenesis of both GI disorder and MS, and restoration of normal flora can provide a potential protective approach in both these conditions. Bioactive dietary components are known to play a significant role in the maintenance of health and wellness, as they have the potential to modify risk factors for a large number of serious disorders. Different classes of functional dietary components, such as dietary fibers, probiotics, prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and spices, possess positive impacts on human health and can be useful as alternative treatments for GI disorders and metabolic dysregulation, as they can modify the risk factors associated with these pathologies. Their regular intake in sufficient amounts also aids in the restoration of normal intestinal flora, resulting in positive regulation of insulin signaling, metabolic pathways and immune responses, and reduction of low-grade chronic inflammation. This review is designed to focus on the health benefits of bioactive dietary components, with the aim of preventing the development or halting the progression of GI disorders and MS through an improvement of the most important risk factors including gut dysbiosis.
  • 2.4K
  • 22 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Mesenteric Fibrosis
Authors: Anna Koumarianou, Krystallenia I. Alexandraki, Göran Wallin, Gregory Kaltsas and Kosmas Daskalakis. Objective: Mesenteric fibrosis (MF) constitutes an underrecognized sequela in patients with small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (SI-NENs), often complicating the disease clinical course. The aim of the present systematic review was to provide an update in evolving aspects of MF pathogenesis and its clinical management in SI-NENs. Search strategy: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Results: Complex and dynamic interactions are present in the microenvironment of tumor deposits in the mesentery. Serotonin, as well as the signaling pathways of certain growth factors play a pivotal, yet not fully elucidated role in the pathogenesis of MF. Clinically, MF often results in significant morbidity by causing either acute complications, such as intestinal obstruction and/or acute ischemia or more chronic conditions involving abdominal pain, venous stasis, malabsorption and malnutrition. Conclusions: Surgical resection in patients with locoregional disease only or symptomatic distant stage disease, as well as palliative minimally invasive interventions in advanced inoperable cases seem clinically meaningful, whereas currently available systemic and/or targeted treatments do not unequivocally affect the development of MF in SI-NENs. Increased awareness and improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MF in SI-NENs may provide better diagnostic and predictive tools for its timely recognition and intervention and also facilitates the development of agents targeting MF.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jul 2020
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