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Topic Review
Screening for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests worldwide, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 19–46% in the general population. Given the high prevalence and severity of NAFLD, especially in high-risk populations (i.e., patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity), there is a major interest in early detection of the disease in primary care.
  • 411
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Colonoscopy in Intestinal Diseases
Colonoscopy is an examination of the colorectum and terminal ileum undertaken by inserting a scope with a camera device and flexible light source through the anus. In cases of infectious diseases, colonoscopy is helpful in making the differential diagnosis, revealing endoscopic gross findings, and obtaining the specimens for pathology. Additionally, colonoscopy provides clues for distinguishing between infectious disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and aids in the post-treatment monitoring of IBD.
  • 403
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Definition and Diagnosis of Barrett’s Esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rapidly increasing in incidence and is associated with a poor prognosis. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. 
  • 332
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Role of Akkermansia in IBD and Cancer
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) represents approximately 1–3% of the total gut microbiota in healthy people; it is a non-motile, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, oval-shaped bacterium belonging to the Verrucomicrobia phylum, and it is the first and only member of the phylum Verrucomicrobia found in the human gut. Its key features are the ability to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, energy source for colonocytes and anti-inflammatory molecules), to promote mucin turnover and thickening thereby reinforcing the intestinal barrier and to interact with host receptors with its exposed active molecules thus influencing inflammation and metabolism. A. muciniphila can be used as a biomarker of a healthy host metabolic profile and that its depletion represents a signature of intestinal dysbiosis across different gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases as inflammatory bowel disease and some cancer types. The molecular mechanism beneath the action of this bacteria in the abovementioned diseases and how A. Muciniphila can modulate the response to both conventional and targeted cancer therapy are explored. 
  • 586
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a Th-2 antigen-mediated disease in which there is an influx of eosinophils to all layers of the esophagus, triggering an inflammatory response. Chronic inflammatory process causes esophageal remodeling, leading to difficulties in swallowing. Food impaction, heartburn, and chest pain are other characteristic (but not pathognomonic) symptoms in adults.
  • 449
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cholangiocarcinoma Detection and Staging of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinom
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer, presenting as a mass or as a biliary stricture. Depending on their localization, CCAs are classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal. The EUS detection rate for distal CCAs is higher than that for the proximal CCAs. The accuracy of T staging varies between 60 and 80%, and vascular involvement is correctly assessed by conventional EUS.
  • 405
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Features of Liver Injury in COVID-19 Clinical Particularities
COVID-19 clinical presentation falls on a wide spectrum, from mild cases complaining of minor symptoms to severe illness with multiorgan dysfunctions and death. Multiple organ injuries have been described in COVID-19, such as pulmonary affliction, acute kidney damage, liver injury, stroke, cardiovascular and digestive tract disorders. 
  • 291
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pathological Conditions with Excessive Hepatic Glycogen Accumulation
The liver is a major store of glycogen and is essential in maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis. In healthy individuals, glycogen synthesis and breakdown in the liver are tightly regulated. Abnormal glycogen metabolism results in prominent pathological changes in the liver, often manifesting as hepatic glycogenosis or glycogen inclusions. This can occur in genetic glycogen storage disease or acquired conditions with insulin dysregulation such as diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or medication effects. Excessive glycogen accumulation within hepatocytes occurs in diseases caused or accompanied by the dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism, as well as in conditions not primarily driven by altered carbohydrate metabolism. In these pathological conditions, the excess glycogen is distinctly visible on H&E; the hepatocytes usually exhibit cytoplasmic pallor and rarefaction or may show cytoplasmic-glycogen-filled inclusion bodies. Some hepatocytes may also demonstrate glycogen-filled nuclear vacuoles without a delimiting membrane (“glycogenated nuclei”); these are frequently seen in patients with diabetes and obesity, although they can also be seen in other liver conditions such as Wilson’s disease.
  • 403
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Functional Dyspepsia
Functional dyspepsia is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning. The pathophysiology of the disease is not fully elucidated and there is no permanent cure, although some therapies (drugs or herbal remedies) try to reduce the symptoms.
  • 766
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Alterations in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are benign pancreatic cysts found in the ducts of the pancreas that have the potential to become malignant. Identifying IPMNs that have high potential to become pancreatic cancer may help prevent unnecessary surgery which is the definitive treatment of IPMNs. Whole exome and targeted sequencing were utilized to better characterize the genetic alterations in IPMNs. The most commonly mutated gene in IPMNs is KRAS with 50–80% of IPMNs harboring a KRAS mutation.
  • 423
  • 31 Mar 2023
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