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Topic Review
Flavonoid Apigenin in Cancer Counteraction
Apigenin is one of the most widespread flavonoids in the plant kingdom. For centuries, apigenin-containing plant preparations have been used in traditional medicines to treat diseases that have an inflammatory and/or degenerative component. In the 1980s, apigenin was proposed to interfere with the process of carcinogenesis. Since then, more and more evidence has demonstrated its anticancer efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. Apigenin has been shown to target signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of cancer, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, and to modulate different hallmarks of cancer, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, invasion, and cell migration.
  • 434
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy as an Adjuvant Therapy
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a respiratory support technique that delivers a controlled concentration of oxygen with high flow, heat, and humidity via the nasal pathway. As it has many physiological effects, its use has increased for a variety of clinical indications.
  • 144
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Evening Chronotype and Suicide
A chronotype is generally defined as the variability of the phase angle of entrainment, while the latter reflects the relationship between the timing of a certain rhythm (e.g., the sleep–wake cycle) and the timing of an external temporal cue. Individuals can be placed on a spectrum from “morning types” (M types) to “evening types” (E types). E-chronotype has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychiatric conditions, and it has been associated with psychopathological dimensions. Eveningness seems to be correlated with both suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behavior (SB) through several possible mediating factors. Immunological alterations have also been linked to later chronotypes and SI/SB. 
  • 128
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Children
The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the medical field to rapidly identify and implement new approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The scientific community also needed to rapidly initiate basic, translational, clinical and epidemiological studies to understand the pathophysiology of this new family of viruses, which continues to evolve with the emergence of new genetic variants. In contrast to most other respiratory viruses, children developed less severe acute and post-acute disease compared to adults.
  • 124
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neuromodulation for Craniofacial Pain and Headaches
Headaches and facial pain are highly prevalent diseases but are often difficult to treat. Though there have been significant advances in medical management, many continue to suffer from refractory pain. Neuromodulation has been gaining interest for its therapeutic purposes in many chronic pain conditions, including headaches and facial pain. There are many potential targets of neuromodulation for headache and facial pain, and some have more robust evidence in favor of their use than others.
  • 118
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Targeting Collagen Pathways as an HFpEF Therapeutic Strategy
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome, and the prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years. This condition poses a burden to the global health care system as the number of patients affected by this condition is constantly increasing due to a rising average lifespan. The absence of validated drugs effective in reducing hospitalization rates and mortality may reflect the impossibility of applying a one size fits all approach as in HFrEF, heading for a personalized approach. Available evidence demonstrated the link between collagen quantity and quality alterations, and cardiac remodeling. In the context of fibrosis, collagen cross-linking is strictly involved, displaying two types of mechanisms: enzymatic and non-enzymatic. In the murine model, enzymatic inhibition of fibrosis-inducing protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling appeared to reduce cardiac fibrosis. On the other hand, in the case of non-enzymatic cross-linking, sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), appeared to counteract the deposition of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which in turn contributed to ventricular remodeling.
  • 110
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve
The twelve cranial nerves play a crucial role in the nervous system, orchestrating a myriad of functions vital for our everyday life. These nerves are each specialized for particular tasks. Cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, facilitates facial expressions and taste perception.
  • 172
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Electrospinning for Targeted Immunotherapeutics in HNC
Advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) is functionally and aesthetically destructive, and despite significant advances in therapy, overall survival is poor, financial toxicity is high, and treatment commonly exacerbates tissue damage.
  • 119
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Drug Therapies for Diabetes
The treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) necessitates a multifaceted approach that combines behavioral and pharmacological interventions to mitigate complications and sustain a high quality of life. Treatment encompasses the management of glucose levels, weight, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and associated complications through medication and lifestyle adjustments. Metformin, a standard in diabetes management, continues to serve as the primary, first-line oral treatment across all age groups due to its efficacy, versatility in combination therapy, and cost-effectiveness. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) offer notable benefits for HbA1c and weight reduction, with significant cardiovascular benefits. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT-2i) lower glucose levels independently of insulin while conferring notable benefits for cardiovascular, renal, and heart-failure outcomes. Combined therapies emphasizing early and sustained glycemic control are promising options for diabetes management. As insulin therapy remains pivotal, metformin and non-insulin agents such as GLP-1 RA and SGLT-2i offer compelling options. Notably, exciting novel treatments like the dual GLP-1/ glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) agonist show promise for substantially reducing glycated hemoglobin and body weight.
  • 291
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
PRMT5 in MYC-Amplified Medulloblastoma
MYC amplification or overexpression is most common in Group 3 medulloblastomas and is positively associated with poor clinical outcomes. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) overexpression has been shown to be associated with tumorigenic MYC functions in cancers, particularly in brain cancers such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. PRMT5 regulates oncogenes, including MYC, that are often deregulated in medulloblastomas. However, the role of PRMT5-mediated post-translational modification in the stabilization of these oncoproteins remains poorly understood. The potential impact of PRMT5 inhibition on MYC makes it an attractive target in various cancers. PRMT5 inhibitors are a promising class of anti-cancer drugs demonstrating preclinical and preliminary clinical efficacies. 
  • 205
  • 03 Jan 2024
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