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Topic Review
Oral Cancer Diagnosis
Oral cancer is a malignant condition on the lips or in the oral cavity including the tongue, gingiva, mouth floor, parotid, salivary glands, and throat. More than 90% of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a modern diagnostic tool with great potential to provide rapid, objective and accurate early diagnosis of oral cancer, as well as accurate OSCC grading for better cancer management. 
  • 683
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sentinel Node in Oral Cancer
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a diagnostic staging procedure that aims to identify the first draining lymph node(s) from the primary tumor, the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN), as their histopathological status reflects the histopathological status of the rest of the nodal basin. The routine SLNB procedure consists of peritumoral injections with a technetium-99m [99mTc]-labelled radiotracer followed by lymphoscintigraphy and SPECT-CT imaging. Based on these imaging results, the identified SLNs are marked for surgical extirpation and are subjected to histopathological assessment. The routine SLNB procedure has proven to reliably stage the clinically negative neck in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, an infamous limitation arises in situations where SLNs are located in close vicinity of the tracer injection site. In these cases, the hotspot of the injection site can hide adjacent SLNs and hamper the discrimination between tracer injection site and SLNs (shine-through phenomenon). Therefore, technical developments are needed to bring the diagnostic accuracy of SLNB for early-stage OSCC to a higher level. 
  • 683
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Crosslink among Intestinal Microbiota
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by a set of metabolic complications arising from adaptive failures to the pregnancy period. Estimates point to a prevalence of 3 to 15% of pregnancies. Its etiology includes intrinsic and extrinsic aspects the progenitress, which may contribute to the pathophysiogenesis of GDM. Recently, researchers have identified that the intestinal microbiota participates in the development of the disease, both through its influence on insulin resistance, as well as on pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory products, which are potentially harmful to the health of the maternal-fetal binomial, in the short and long term.In this context, our objective was to gather evidence on the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, through the use of probiotics and prebiotics, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can mitigate the endogenous processes of GDM, favoring the health of the mother and her children and , in a future perspective, to alleviate this critical public health problem.
  • 683
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Immunosuppression in Sensitized Patients
Following organ transplantation, sensitized patients have higher rates of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) compared to those who are non-sensitized. More stringent donor matching is required for these patients. Current approaches for sensitized patients focus on reducing preformed antibodies that preclude transplantation; however, this type of desensitization does not modulate the primed immune response in sensitized patients. Thus, an optimized maintenance immunosuppressive regimen is necessary for highly sensitized patients, which may be distinct from non-sensitized patients.
  • 683
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
MEG3 in Carcinogenesis of Heavy Metals
Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), a long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), functions as a tumor suppressor. MEG3 regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, hypoxia, autophagy, and many other processes involved in tumor development. MEG3 is downregulated in various cancer cell lines and primary human cancers. Heavy metals, such as hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), arsenic, nickel, and cadmium, are confirmed human carcinogens. The exposure of cells to these metals causes a variety of cancers. Most heavy metals are toxic and carcinogenic to humans. Heavy metals are widely utilized in various industrial and agricultural products, such as paints, batteries, pigments, electronic waste, and insecticides/pesticides. Contaminated heavy metals in the environment flow into soil, lake, river, and ocean through rain and groundwater, where the metals accumulate via the circulating bio-system, resulting in high concentrations in humans. Chromium (Cr(VI)), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) are listed as Group 1 human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Studies have indicated that exposure to these metals disrupts cellular signaling pathways, such as damaged repair processes, reduced gene expression of tumor suppressors, and aberrant metabolism, leading to carcinogenesis.
  • 683
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microneedle Vaccine
Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons most people avoid getting vaccinated. Therefore, developing an alternative pain-free method of vaccination using microneedles has been a significant research area. Microneedles comprise arrays of micron-sized needles that offer a pain-free method of delivering actives across the skin. Apart from being pain-free, microneedles provide various advantages over conventional vaccination routes such as intramuscular and subcutaneous. Microneedle vaccines induce a robust immune response as the needles ranging from 50 to 900 μm in length can efficiently deliver the vaccine to the epidermis and the dermis region, which contains many Langerhans and dendritic cells. The microneedle array looks like band-aid patches and offers the advantages of avoiding cold-chain storage and self-administration flexibility. The slow release of vaccine antigens is an important advantage of using microneedles. The vaccine antigens in the microneedles can be in solution or suspension form, encapsulated in nano or microparticles, and nucleic acid-based. The use of microneedles to deliver particle-based vaccines is gaining importance because of the combined advantages of particulate vaccine and pain-free immunization. 
  • 683
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hyoscine
Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is a medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting. It is also sometimes used before surgery to decrease saliva. When used by injection, effects begin after about 20 minutes and last for up to 8 hours. It may also be used by mouth and via a skin patch. Common side effects include sleepiness, blurred vision, dilated pupils, and dry mouth. It is not recommended in people with angle-closure glaucoma or bowel obstruction. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe; however, it appears to be safe during breastfeeding. Hyoscine is in the antimuscarinic family of medications and works by blocking some of the effects of acetylcholine within the nervous system. Hyoscine was first written about in 1881 and started to be used for anesthesia around 1900. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Hyoscine is main active component produced by certain plants of the nightshade family which historically have been used as psychoactive drugs due to their hallucinogenic effects. The name "scopolamine" is derived from one type of nightshade known as Scopolia while the name "hyoscine" is derived from another type known as Hyoscyamus niger.
  • 683
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Omicron vs. Delta Variant
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan city in December 2019, and became a grave global concern due to its highly infectious nature. The Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2, with its predecessors (i.e., MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) belong to the family of Coronaviridae. Reportedly, COVID-19 has infected 344,710,576 people around the globe and killed nearly 5,598,511 persons in the short span of two years. On November 24, 2021, B.1.1.529 strain, later named Omicron, was classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC). SARS-CoV-2 has continuously undergone a series of unprecedented mutations and evolved to exhibit varying characteristics.
  • 683
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
General Anesthesia
Vertebral lumbar surgery can be performed under both general anesthesia (GA) and spinal anesthesia. A clear benefit from spinal anesthesia (SA) remains unproven.
  • 683
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Xenopus Oocytes to Study Fully-Processed Membrane Proteins
The use of Xenopus oocytes in electrophysiological and biophysical research constitutes a long and successful story, providing major advances to the knowledge of the function and modulation of membrane proteins, mostly receptors, ion channels, and transporters. These cells are capable of correctly expressing heterologous proteins after injecting the corresponding mRNA or cDNA. The Xenopus oocyte has become an outstanding host–cell model to carry out detailed studies on the function of fully-processed foreign membrane proteins after their microtransplantation to the oocyte. 
  • 683
  • 24 Oct 2022
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