Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Atypical Skull-Base Osteomyelitis
Atypical skull-base osteomyelitis is a rare but fatal disease that usually involves infection of the ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, or temporal bones that form the skull base. Unlike typical (so-called otogenic), atypical skull-base osteomyelitis has no otogenic cause. Instead, some authors call atypical skull-base osteomyelitis sinonasal, since the infection most often originates from the nose and paranasal sinuses. 
  • 436
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Factors in Glaucoma and Ophthalmologic Pathologies
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that can lead to irreversible functional and morphological damage if left untreated. The gold standard therapeutic approaches in managing patients with glaucoma and limiting progression include local drops, laser, and/or surgery, which are all geared at reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Nutrients, antioxidants, vitamins, organic compounds, and micronutrients have been gaining increasing interest as integrative IOP-independent strategies to delay or halt glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell degeneration. 
  • 418
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Blood-Based Biomarkers of CNS Involvement in Wilson’s Disease
Wilson’s disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism with clinical symptoms related to pathological copper accumulation, which are mainly hepatic and/or neuropsychiatric. A search for new treatment modalities (e.g., gene therapy, molybdenum salts) aims to prevent early neurological deterioration as well as improve treatment outcomes. In addition to evaluating the clinical signs and symptoms of the disease, serum biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment monitoring are very important for WD management. Sensitive serum biomarkers of copper metabolism and liver injury are well described. However, there is a need to establish blood-based biomarkers of central nervous system (CNS) injury to help identify patients at risk of early neurological deterioration and aid in their monitoring.
  • 273
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Hypoxia and CSC in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is lack of effective treatment and the prognosis of GBM patients is still very poor despite accumulated progresses. Hypoxia is an essential factor for the initiation and progression of GBM, especially for the glioma stem like cells (GSCs). Hypoxia induced many target genes which form a complicated molecular interacting network, influencing a lot of tumor behaviors by regulating key signal pathways. In addition, hypoxia has great impact on the interplayed niches of GCSs.
  • 342
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Classes of Neuroanesthesia
Anesthesia in neurosurgery embodies a vital element in the development of neurosurgical intervention. This undisputed interest has offered surgeons and anesthesiologists an array of anesthetic selections to utilize, though with this allowance comes the equally essential requirement of implementing a maximally appropriate agent. General anesthetic agents can be categorized as those administered intravenously or inhaled, both pairs granting unique advantages. The latter of which can be further subdivided into either volatile or non-volatile agents. As the methods of administration vary, so do the proposed mechanisms of action for these substances.
  • 275
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Vaccinium in Diabetes and Microvascular Complications
Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) is a genus of plants enriched with polyphenolic compounds in their leaves and fruits. Vaccinium and its extracts have demonstrated good bioactivity in reducing blood glucose, oxidative stress, and inflammation, making them excellent candidates for the management of diabetes and diabetic vascular complications.
  • 363
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
The Downregulation of Opioid Receptors and Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain (NP) refers to pain caused by primary or secondary damage or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of 7–10% of the general population. The etiology and pathogenesis of NP are complex; as such, NP has been a hot topic in clinical medicine and basic research for a long time, with researchers aiming to find a cure by studying it. Opioids are the most commonly used painkillers in clinical practice but are regarded as third-line drugs for NP in various guidelines due to the low efficacy caused by the imbalance of opioid receptor internalization and their possible side effects.
  • 398
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Breast Cancer
Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and novel combination regimens including endocrine therapies, aromatase inhibitors, Her2-targeted therapies, and cdk4/6 inhibitors. Immunotherapy is also being actively examined for some breast cancer subtypes.  It is interesting to note that cancer cells quickly adapt and evade most therapies by activating autophagy, a catabolic process designed to recycle damaged cellular components and provide energy.
  • 336
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Involvement in Tuberculosis
Approximately 60% of patients with tuberculosis (TB) have a cardiovascular disease, the most common associated pathological entities being pericarditis, myocarditis, and coronary artery disease.
  • 539
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Obesity and Bone Health
Scientific evidence has shown an increased risk of fractures in patients with obesity, especially in those with a higher visceral adipose tissue content. This contradicts the old paradigm that obese patients were more protected than those with normal weight. Specifically, in older subjects in whom there is a redistribution of fat from subcutaneous adipose tissue to visceral adipose tissue and an infiltration of other tissues such as muscle with the consequent sarcopenia, obesity can accentuate the changes characteristic of this age group that predisposes to a greater risk of falls and fractures. Other factors that determine a greater risk in older subjects with obesity are chronic proinflammatory status, altered adipokine secretion, vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance and reduced mobility.
  • 321
  • 08 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1352
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback