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Topic Review
Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Upper Airway Sono-Anatomy
Airway management is a common and critical procedure in acute settings, such as the Emergency Department (ED) or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of hospitals. Many of the traditional physical examination methods have limitations in airway assessment. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a promising tool for airway management due to its familiarity, accessibility, safety, and non-invasive nature. It can assist physicians in identifying relevant anatomy of the upper airway with objective measurements of airway parameters, and it can guide airway interventions with dynamic real-time images. To date, ultrasound has been considered highly accurate for assessment of the difficult airway, confirmation of proper endotracheal intubation, prediction of post-extubation laryngeal edema, and preparation for cricothyrotomy by identifying the cricothyroid membrane. The researchers aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of POCUS on upper airway sono-anatomy. In conclusion, POCUS is a valuable tool with multiple applications ranging from pre- and post-intubation management. Clinicians should consider using POCUS in conjunction with traditional exam techniques to manage the airway more efficiently in the acute setting.
  • 483
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Titanium (IV) Oxide in Dermal Formulations
The widespread role of titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) in many industries makes this substance of broad scientific interest. TiO2 can act as both a photoprotector and photocatalyst, and the potential for its role in both applications increases when present in nanometer-sized crystals. Its sunlight-scattering properties are used extensively in sunscreens.
  • 504
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Lipid*omic*s in Rare Diseases
Lipids are defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic small molecules with a high solubility in organic solvents. Following water, lipids are the second most abundant components in mammalian cells. The lipidome comprises tens of thousands of different species, which are broadly subdivided into simple lipids, e.g., fatty acids (FA), or complex lipids, e.g. sphingolipids (SL), acylglycerols or phospholipids (PL). Lipids are crucial for structural compartmentalization by being major constituents of the semi-permeable plasma membranes formed by a lipid bilayer, majorly composed of PL and proteins.  Lipidomic changes in rare and undiagnosed diseases are often minor, consisting of complex patterns of subtle changes of a distinct set of lipids, which can be easily identified by lipidomics analysis.
  • 521
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent liver disease, affecting up to 70% of patients with diabetes. There are no specific drugs available for its treatment. Beyond their anti-hyperglycemic effect and the surprising role of cardio- and nephroprotection, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have shown a significant impact on body weight and clinical, biochemical and histological markers of fatty liver and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Therefore, GLP-1 RAs could be a weapon for the treatment of both diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. 
  • 259
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
The Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome (MetS), first introduced by Haller in 1975, was sometimes also known as insulin resistance syndrome, syndrome X, and plurimetabolic syndrome. In 1989, it was rechristened by Kaplan as the “Deadly Quartet” based on a consolidation of central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and systemic hypertension.
  • 379
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Nano-based DDS for Posterior Segment Diseases
The complex anatomy of the eye presents a major challenge in the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases, hindering the effective delivery of medications. Conventional treatments, including topical eye drops and intravitreal injections, are limited by poor bioavailability and short residence time, necessitating frequent dosing to manage the disease. Intravitreal injections can also lead to serious ocular complications. Biodegradable nano-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have emerged as a potential solution to these limitations, offering longer residence time in ocular tissues and better penetration through ocular barriers. Furthermore, the biodegradable polymers used to create these systems are nanosized, reducing the risk of toxicity and adverse reactions.
  • 658
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Based DDS for Anterior Segment Diseases
The eye is a delicate and complex organ protected by anatomical barriers that limit the bioavailability and residence time of topically administered drugs. Polymeric nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed to address this challenge and improve therapeutic outcomes. Biodegradable polymers are often used in these DDS to minimize adverse effects and control the release of different loaded drugs.
  • 369
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Obesity and Immunometabolic Changes in Adipose Tissue
White adipose tissue (WAT) represents an endocrinologically and immunologically active tissue whose primary role is energy storage and homeostasis. Breast WAT is involved in the secretion of hormones and proinflammatory molecules that are associated with breast cancer development and progression.
  • 526
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Nano-Based DDS for Glaucoma
The eye is a complex and delicate organ that is protected by robust anatomical barriers. These barriers limit the penetration, bioavailability, and residence time of topically administered drugs. To address this challenge, researchers have developed polymeric nano-based drug delivery systems (DDS) that offer a promising solution. These DDS can penetrate ocular barriers, improving the bioavailability of administered drugs to targeted tissues and leading to better therapeutic outcomes. Biodegradable polymers are often used in these DDS to minimize adverse effects that can result from drugs that are not naturally decomposable, such as the risk of infection, tissue damage, or toxic byproducts.
  • 375
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Advanced DDS for Delivering Anti-VEGF Agents
The treatment of posterior segment eye diseases is challenging due to the complex anatomy of the eye, which limits the effective delivery of medications. Conventional treatments such as topical eye drops and intravitreal injections have poor bioavailability and short residence time, requiring frequent dosing. Biodegradable nano-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) offer a potential solution to these limitations, with longer residence time in ocular tissues and better penetration through ocular barriers. These DDSs use biodegradable polymers that are nanosized, reducing the risk of toxicity and adverse reactions.
  • 749
  • 12 May 2023
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