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Topic Review
Mechanisms of Pain Modulation
A review of the pathophysiology of pain and its treatment, from a surgical point of view has been published (Sola RG, Pulido P. Neurosurgical Traatment of Pain. Brain Sci. 2022, 12(11), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111584) There are pain syndromes of difficult medical control.In these cases, surgical treatment may be an excellent alternative. The bases on which the different surgical approaches are based are described. The attached table shows a very schematic view of the neurosurgical treatment of pain.      
  • 753
  • 22 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Associated with Metabolic Syndrome
Atherogenic dyslipidemia plays a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), being one of its major components, along with central obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension.
  • 754
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet
The Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) is a new generation of nutritional therapy—in its initial stages, aimed at inducing remission, it involves a combination of partial enteral nutrition (PEN) with selected natural diet products. The primary mechanism of action is to exclude or limit exposure to dietary factors with potentially deleterious effects on the pathogenesis and course of CD.
  • 753
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Oral and Periodontal Bacteria Microbiota Photobiomodulation
The visible and near-infrared wavelengths can affect bacterial growth. Like in eukaryotic cells also in bacteria, photobiomodulation can affect cellular metabolism, homeostasis, defence to stress, and life-and-death mechanisms. Light-bacteria interaction for microbiota management can represent a supportive medical approach in health and illness patients.
  • 754
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC)
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most frequent cancer in humans and its incidence continues to rise. Although CSCC usually display a benign clinical behavior, it can be both locally invasive and metastatic. The signaling pathways involved in CSCC development have given rise to targetable molecules in recent decades. In addition, the high mutational burden and increased risk of CSCC in patients under immunosuppression were part of the rationale for developing the immunotherapy for CSCC that has changed the therapeutic landscape. Several drugs have been developed for CSCC treatment, but the disease may actually be induced by drugs as well. Molecular mechanisms underlie pharmacologically-induced CSCC, and a sound knowledge of them could help physicians better tackle this tumor. 
  • 753
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Migraine Pathophysiology
Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder that affects approximately 12% of the population. The cause of migraine headaches is not yet known, however, when the trigeminal system is activated, neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) are released, which cause neurogenic inflammation and sensitization. Advances in the understanding of migraine pathophysiology have identified new potential pharmacological targets. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been the focus of attention in the pathophysiology of various pain disorders, including primary headaches. Genetic and pharmacological data suggest the role of TRP channels in pain sensation and the activation and sensitization of dural afferents. TRP channels are widely expressed in the trigeminal system and brain regions which are associated with the pathophysiology of migraine and furthermore, co-localize several neuropeptides that are implicated in the development of migraine attacks. Moreover, there are several migraine trigger agents known to activate TRP channels. Based on these, TRP channels have an essential role in migraine pain and associated symptoms, such as hyperalgesia and allodynia. Mammalian TRP channels are divided into seven subfamilies based on their homology of amino acid sequences: canonical or classic (TRPC), vanilloid (TRPV), melastatin (TRPM), nonmechanoreceptor potential C (NOMP-like, TRPN1) polycystin (TRPP), mucolipin (TRPML), and ankyrin (TRPA). 
  • 753
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ivermectin for the Treatment and/or Prophylaxis of COVID-19
The pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is initiated by viral entry through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor in the host cell. After entry, RNA is translated into viral proteins upon its release in the cytoplasm. The resulting symptoms and clinical manifestations include fever, headache, myalgia, and respiratory symptoms. Several drugs have been and continue to be repurposed for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Ivermectin (IVM) belongs to the naturally occurring family of avermectins produced by the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Its broad antiparasitic spectrum is achieved through the hyperpolarization of the invertebrate’s cell membrane, with subsequent parasite paralysis. It was tested and confirmed for its in vitro antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Trials have put IVM to test for both the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19, as well as its potential role in combination therapy. Additionally, the targeted delivery of IVM was studied in animals and COVID-19 patients.
  • 753
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Race-Based Traumatic Stress
Race-based traumatic stress is the traumatic response to stress following a racial encounter. Robert T. Carter's (2007) theory of race-based traumatic stress implies that there are individuals of color who experience racially charged discrimination as traumatic, and often generate responses similar to post-traumatic stress. Race-based traumatic stress combines theories of stress, trauma and race-based discrimination to describe a particular response to negative racial encounters. Despite the limited research that examines race-based traumatic stress specifically, trauma research suggests that an individual's response to a stressor is highly dependent on that person's perception of the stressor; what one person may experience as traumatic, another person may not experience as such. These differing responses have been found to be strongly associated with each individual's ability to cope with the said stressor. According to Carter, a professor at Columbia University, race-based traumatic stress is an individual's response to racial discrimination as traumatic or outside of their ability to cope. Race-based traumatic stress can be experienced both directly and indirectly and can occur on an interpersonal level, institutional level, or cultural level. As such, research indicates that race-based traumatic stress can be demonstrated as a number of negative outcomes, including psychopathological symptoms, social inequities, and internalized racial oppression. Research has indicated that children, as well as adults, can experience and be impacted by the reaches of race-based traumatic stress. Through direct experience from peers and/or authority figures, as well as indirectly through media exposure and/or bearing witness to the racial discrimination of their parents, research suggests children of color are particularly vulnerable to race-based traumatic stress.
  • 753
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
More research has recently focused on the role of the gut microbiota in the development or course of numerous diseases, including non-communicable diseases. As obesity remains prevalent, the question arises as to what microbial changes are associated with increased obesity prevalence and what kind of prevention and treatment approaches it could provide.
  • 753
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of neoplasia, representing a terrible burden on patients’ life and clinical management. Although it seldom metastasizes, and most cases can be effectively treated with surgical intervention, once metastatic, cSCC displays considerable aggressiveness leading to the death of affected individuals. No consensus has been reached as to which features better characterize the aggressive behavior of cSCC, an achievement hindered by the high mutational burden caused by chronic ultraviolet light exposure. Even though some subtypes have been recognized as high risk variants, depending on certain tumor features, cSCC that are normally thought of as low risk could pose increased danger to the patients. In light of this, specific genetic and epigenetic markers for cutaneous SCC, which could serve as reliable diagnostic markers and possible targets for novel treatment development, are currently searched for. 
  • 753
  • 25 Jul 2020
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