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| Version | Summary | Created by | Modification | Content Size | Created at | Operation |
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| 1 | Vivi Li | -- | 1554 | 2022-09-29 01:35:17 |
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Race-based traumatic stress is the traumatic response to stress following a racial encounter. Robert T. Carter's (2007) theory of race-based traumatic stress implies that there are individuals of color who experience racially charged discrimination as traumatic, and often generate responses similar to post-traumatic stress. Race-based traumatic stress combines theories of stress, trauma and race-based discrimination to describe a particular response to negative racial encounters. Despite the limited research that examines race-based traumatic stress specifically, trauma research suggests that an individual's response to a stressor is highly dependent on that person's perception of the stressor; what one person may experience as traumatic, another person may not experience as such. These differing responses have been found to be strongly associated with each individual's ability to cope with the said stressor. According to Carter, a professor at Columbia University, race-based traumatic stress is an individual's response to racial discrimination as traumatic or outside of their ability to cope. Race-based traumatic stress can be experienced both directly and indirectly and can occur on an interpersonal level, institutional level, or cultural level. As such, research indicates that race-based traumatic stress can be demonstrated as a number of negative outcomes, including psychopathological symptoms, social inequities, and internalized racial oppression. Research has indicated that children, as well as adults, can experience and be impacted by the reaches of race-based traumatic stress. Through direct experience from peers and/or authority figures, as well as indirectly through media exposure and/or bearing witness to the racial discrimination of their parents, research suggests children of color are particularly vulnerable to race-based traumatic stress.
References
- Pieterse, Alex; Powell, Shantel (2016). "A theoretical overview of the impact of racism on people of color." (in en). The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. pp. 11–30. doi:10.1037/14852-002. ISBN 978-1-4338-2095-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F14852-002
- Comas-Díaz, Lillian (2016). "Racial trauma recovery: A race-informed therapeutic approach to racial wounds.". The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. pp. 249–272. doi:10.1037/14852-012. ISBN 978-1-4338-2095-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F14852-012
- Carter, Robert T. (2016-06-30). "Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury" (in en). The Counseling Psychologist 35 (1): 13–105. doi:10.1177/0011000006292033. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0011000006292033
- Dunbar, Edward; Blanco, Amalio (2014). "Psychological perspectives on culture, violence, and intergroup animus: Evolving traditions in the bonds that tie and hate.". APA handbook of multicultural psychology, Vol. 2: Applications and training. pp. 377–399. doi:10.1037/14187-022. ISBN 978-1-4338-1257-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F14187-022
- Carter, Robert T.; Lau, Michael Y.; Johnson, Veronica; Kirkinis, Katherine (2017-10-01). "Racial Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Meta-Analytic Review" (in en). Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 45 (4): 232–259. doi:10.1002/jmcd.12076. ISSN 2161-1912. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmcd.12076
- Spears Brown, Christia; Bigler, Rebecca S. (2005). "Children's Perceptions of Discrimination: A Developmental Model". Child Development 76 (3): 533–553. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00862.x. PMID 15892777. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2005.00862.x
- Brown, Christia Spears; Alabi, Basirat O.; Huynh, Virginia W.; Masten, Carrie L. (2011). "Ethnicity and gender in late childhood and early adolescence: Group identity and awareness of bias" (in en). Developmental Psychology 47 (2): 463–471. doi:10.1037/a0021819. PMID 21219069. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0021819
- Flores, Elena; Tschann, Jeanne M.; Dimas, Juanita M.; Pasch, Lauri A.; Groat, Cynthia L. de (2010). "Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and health risk behaviors among Mexican American adolescents". Journal of Counseling Psychology 57 (3): 264–273. doi:10.1037/a0020026. PMID 21133578. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0020026
- Carter, Robert T.; Muchow, Carrie (2017). "Construct validity of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale and tests of measurement equivalence" (in en). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 9 (6): 688–695. doi:10.1037/tra0000256. PMID 28165267. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Ftra0000256
- Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). "RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families". The American Psychologist 74 (1): 63–75. doi:10.1037/amp0000392. PMID 30652900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392.
