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Topic Review
Imaging of Skull Base Tumors
The skull base provides a platform for supporting the brain while serving as a conduit for major neurovascular structures. In addition to malignant lesions originating in the skull base, there are many benign entities and developmental variants that may simulate disease. Therefore, a basic understanding of the relevant embryology is essential. Lesions centered in the skull base can extend to the adjacent intracranial and extracranial compartments; conversely, the skull base can be secondarily involved by primary extracranial and intracranial disease. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the mainstay imaging methods and are complementary in the evaluation of skull base lesions. 
  • 263
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Myeloid Leukemia of Down Syndrome
Myeloid leukemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS) is characterized by a distinct natural history and is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an independent entity, occurring with unique clinical and molecular features. The presence of a long preleukemic, myelodysplastic phase, called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), precedes the initiation of ML-DS and is defined by unusual chromosomal findings.
  • 280
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Practical Considerations for Next-Generation Adjuvant Development and Translation
Throughout the last two decades, there has been increasing focus on the discovery and translation of new immune-stimulating agents. These compounds are often collectively referred to as adjuvants due to their precedent of use in vaccine development. There has been an expansion in the application of adjuvants in oncology and other areas as the understanding and definition of adjuvants continue to grow. Adjuvants stimulate key cell types in the innate immune system and can influence the scale and class of immune response directed towards a given antigen or antigens.
  • 511
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antibody–Drug Conjugates for Non-Oncological Applications
Typically, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are made up of a humanized antibody and a small-molecule medication connected by a chemical linker. ADCs’ ability to deliver cytotoxic agents to the specific site with reduced side effects showed promising results in oncology. Inspired by these outcomes, scientists explored the potential of antibody–drug conjugates in non-oncological conditions such as arthritis, myasthenia gravis, immunological disorders, and kidney failure. 
  • 667
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Immunotherapy Treatment
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer that primarily affects children but also adults. It is due to the malignant proliferation of lymphoid precursor cells that invade the bone marrow and can spread to extramedullary sites. ALL is divided into B cell (85%) and T cell lineages (10 to 15%); rare cases are associated with the natural killer (NK) cell lineage (<1%). To date, the survival rate in children with ALL is excellent while in adults continues to be poor. Despite the therapeutic progress, there are subsets of patients that still have high relapse rates after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and an unsatisfactory cure rate. Hence, the identification of more effective and safer therapy choices represents a primary issue.
  • 293
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Structure and Role
The beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are nowadays highlighted by a plethora of studies. They play a role in suppression of inflammation, gene expression, cellular membrane fluidity/permeability, immune functionality and intracellular/exocellular signaling.
  • 250
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Nanosystem Strategies in Antifungal Drug Delivery
Nanosystems-based antifungal agents have emerged as an effective strategy to address issues related to drug resistance, drug release, and toxicity. Among the diverse materials employed for antifungal drug delivery, polymers, including polysaccharides, proteins, and polyesters, have gained significant attention due to their versatility. Considering the complex nature of fungal infections and their varying sites, it is crucial for researchers to carefully select appropriate polymers based on specific scenarios when designing antifungal agent delivery nanosystems. 
  • 332
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Orexinergic System
The orexinergic system is involved in the control of the sleep/waking cycle, and it has been reported that cancer and cancer-related inflammatory mechanisms are associated with fatigue and sleep disruption. A bidirectional relationship between cancer and sleep occurs, and circadian rhythm disorders are a risk factor for some cancers. Thus, drugs targeting orexin receptors and administered for the treatment of sleep disorders could also be used against certain tumors.
  • 248
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microvascular Thrombosis and Liver Fibrosis Progression
Fibrosis is a frequent consequence of organ injury. The formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) depends on a complex cascade of cellular and molecular pathways, the chronic activation of which results in a sustained fibrogenic process that leads to structural changes and, ultimately, to dysfunction of the affected organ. Thus, fibrosis is a major contributor to organ failure in human pathophysiology.
  • 439
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Properties and Acne Treatment of Tea Tree Oil
Tea tree oil is an essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betch) Cheel with known antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and widely used in cosmetic products to treat acne vulgaris. 
  • 371
  • 06 Jul 2023
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