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Topic Review
Imaging of Mediastinal Masses
Mediastinal masses present a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse etiologies. Accurate localization and internal characteristics of the mass are the two most important factors to narrow the differential diagnosis or provide a specific diagnosis. The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) classification is the standard classification system used to localize mediastinal masses. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the two most commonly used imaging modalities for characterization of the mediastinal masses.
  • 241
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanodelivery Systems and Constituents Derived from Novel Foods
Novel Food is a new category of food, regulated by the European Union Directive No. 2015/2283. This latter norm defines a food as “Novel” if it was not used “for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union before the date of entry into force of that regulation, namely 15 May 1997”.  Due to their natural source, Novel Food can represent another new and not fully exploited reservoir of nutraceuticals. Indeed, Novel Food can also be considered an important source of raw matter to produce a nano-drug delivery system. The application of Novel Foods as new nanoceutical materials or bioactive compounds embedded into nanocarriers is a new research field, as these sources have been employed only in recent decades.
  • 121
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Imaging for Infectious Keratitis
Infectious keratitis (IK) is among the top five leading causes of blindness globally. Early diagnosis is needed to guide appropriate therapy to avoid complications such as vision impairment and blindness. Slit lamp microscopy and culture of corneal scrapes are key to diagnosing IK. Slit lamp photography was transformed when digital cameras and smartphones were invented. The digital camera or smartphone camera sensor’s resolution, the resolution of the slit lamp, and the focal length of the smartphone camera system are key to a high-quality slit lamp image. Alternative diagnostic tools include imaging, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). OCT’s advantage is its ability to accurately determine the depth and extent of the corneal ulceration, infiltrates, and haze; therefore characterizing the severity and progression of the infection. However, OCT is not a preferred choice in the diagnostic tool package for infectious keratitis. Rather, IVCM is a great aid in diagnosing fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis with overall sensitivities of 66–74% and 80–100% and specificity of 78–100% and 84–100%, respectively. Deep learning (DL) models have been shown to be promising aids for diagnosing IK via image recognition. 
  • 147
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Diseases
With the rapid development of stem cell research in modern times, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new era of tissue regeneration, becoming one of the most promising strategies for currently untreatable retinal diseases. Among the various sources of stem cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to their characteristics and multiple functions, which include immunoregulation, anti-apoptosis of neurons, cytokine and growth factor secretion, and antioxidative activities. ADSCs can facilitate the replacement of dying cells, promote tissue remodeling and regeneration, and support the survival and growth of retinal cells. 
  • 153
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Cesarean Delivery Analgesia
Cesarean delivery is the most commonly performed abdominal surgery in the world, and it can be associated with severe postoperative pain. Effective postoperative analgesia using multimodal approach improves maternal and neonatal outcomes after cesarean delivery. The use of neuraxial approach (local anesthetic and opioids) and intravenous adjunctive drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen, represents the standard regimen for post-cesarean delivery analgesia. Peripheral nerve blocks may be considered in patients who are unable to receive neuraxial techniques; these blocks may also be used as a rescue technique in selected patients. 
  • 323
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Migraine with Aura
A sizable portion of the world’s population suffers from migraines with aura. Estrogen is crucial in migraine pathophysiology, especially in women, which might be used to develop hormone-regulating medications. Migraine’s underlying mechanism or visual abnormalities may explain migraine sufferers’ variations in brain activity or visual system processing.
  • 285
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Short-Term Effects of Pediatric Cannabis Use
Cannabis, a plant known for its recreational use, has gained global attention due to its widespread use and addiction potential. Derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, it contains a rich array of phytochemicals concentrated in resin-rich trichomes. The main cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors, influencing various physiological processes. Particularly concerning is its prevalence among adolescents, often driven by the need for social connection and anxiety alleviation.
  • 213
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Sacha Inchi on CVD Risk Factors
Plukenetia volubilis Linneo or Sacha Inchi (SI), a traditional natural remedy indigenous to Peru and Brazil, has garnered global attention due to its exceptional nutritional composition. Its protective effects against various non-communicable diseases, notably cardiovascular disease (CVD), have become a subject of interest in recent research. 
  • 261
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Febuxostat’s Multifaceted Therapeutic Application
Febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor originally introduced for the management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout, has evolved into a multifaceted therapeutic agent with a spectrum of effects extending far beyond its initial scope. The diverse range of impacts exerted by febuxostat on various physiological systems are explored, offering insights into its mechanism of action, efficacy in gout management, cardiovascular implications, renal and hepatic effects, musculoskeletal applications, adverse event profiles, and emerging avenues for future research.
  • 331
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
circRNA-Targeted Therapy in Experimental Parkinson’s Disease
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules often circularized by backsplicing. Growing evidence implicates circRNAs in the underlying mechanisms of various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD)—the first and second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. In this sense, circSNCA, circHIPK2, circHIPK3, and circSLC8A1 are circRNAs that have been related to the neurodegenerative process of PD. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies on circRNAs have shed light on their roles in the pathobiology of various diseases. Gain-of-function approaches typically employ viral or non-viral vectors that hyperexpress RNA sequences capable of circularizing to form the specific circRNA under investigation. 
  • 149
  • 16 Nov 2023
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