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Topic Review
Leukemia Inhibitor Factor in Neurocognitive Preservation
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) continue to impact patients despite antiretroviral therapy. A combination of antiretroviral therapies can diminish the HIV viral load to near undetectable levels, but fails to preserve neurocognitive integrity. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has shown neuroprotective properties that could mitigate neurodegeneration in HANDs. The LIF promotes neurogenesis, neural cell differentiation, and survival. Combination antiretroviral therapy reduces severe forms of HANDs, but neurocognitive impairment persists; additionally, some antiretrovirals have additional adverse neurotoxic effects. The LIF counteracts neurotoxic viral proteins and limits neural cell damage in models of neuroinflammation. Adding the LIF as an adjuvant therapy to enhance neuroprotection merits further research for managing HANDs. 
  • 248
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ischemic Brain Injury
Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.
  • 216
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endoscope Capsules
There are multiple benefits offered by capsule endoscopy (CE). First, the patients do not need sedation to undergo a CE analysis. The CE can analyze the entire GI tract from the esophagus, passing through the stomach, until the small intestine, which could not be properly analyzed through conventional endoscopy. The capsule has the size of a conventional vitamin capsule, and it can be easily swallowed, moving naturally through the GI tract until excretion. This fact indicates a painless procedure compared with the discomfort suffered by the long endoscopy sessions.
  • 373
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Theranostic Imaging Surrogates for Targeted Alpha Therapy
Most targeted alpha therapy (TAT) radionuclides lack or possess insufficient co-emitted positrons or gamma rays for acquiring higher-quality positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans. This motivated the development of chemically similar diagnostic imaging surrogates for TAT radionuclides. As the current supply of alpha-emitting radionuclides is scarce, utilizing imaging surrogates also has the potential to open more opportunities for TAT research to facilities without access to alpha-emitting radionuclides and serve as a bridge for centers planning to introduce TAT radiopharmaceuticals. Since many of these surrogates can be synthesized in existing cyclotron facilities, this can facilitate radiopharmaceutical developments.
  • 185
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Tumor and Oncogenic Cytokines in Lung Cancer Patients
Lung cancer is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body’s response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. They promote tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibit tumor growth (anti-tumour cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system to stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are the two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. 
  • 270
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors among women. Its prognosis and treatment outcomes depend on factors related to tumor cell biology. Studies have revealed the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development, progression, and treatment response of breast cancer. 
  • 237
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Overexpression of Glutathione S-Transferases in Human Diseases
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a major class of phase II metabolic enzymes. Besides their essential role in detoxification, GSTs also exert diverse biological activities in the occurrence and development of various diseases. Much research interest has been paid to exploring the mechanisms of GST overexpression in tumor drug resistance. Correspondingly, many GST inhibitors have been developed and applied, solely or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tumors. Moreover, novel roles of GSTs in other diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases, have been recognized, although the exact regulatory mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
  • 181
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Facilitation of hERG Activation by Its Blocker
Modulation of the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) channel, a crucial voltage-gated potassium channel in the repolarization of action potentials in ventricular myocytes of the heart, has significant implications on cardiac electrophysiology and can be either antiarrhythmic or proarrhythmic. For example, hERG channel blockade is a leading cause of long QT syndrome and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias, such as torsades de pointes. Conversely, hERG channel blockade is the mechanism of action of Class III antiarrhythmic agents in terminating ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. In recent years, it has been recognized that less proarrhythmic hERG blockers with clinical potential or Class III antiarrhythmic agents exhibit, in addition to their hERG-blocking activity, a second action that facilitates the voltage-dependent activation of the hERG channel. This facilitation is believed to reduce the proarrhythmic potential by supporting the final repolarizing of action potentials.
  • 172
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Application of Electrophysiology in Non-Macular Inherited Retinal Dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies encompass a diverse group of disorders affecting the structure and function of the retina, leading to progressive visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Electrophysiology testing has emerged as a valuable tool in assessing and diagnosing those conditions, offering insights into the function of different parts of the visual pathway from retina to visual cortex and aiding in disease classification. The different applications and limitations of electrophysiology techniques, including multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), full-field ERG (ffERG), electrooculogram (EOG), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and visual evoked potential (VEP), in the diagnosis and management of these distinctive phenotypes are discussed.
  • 365
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mentha piperita
Mentha species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as natural herbal formulations. Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is regarded as one of the best potential sources of biologically active substances for the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. M. piperita, a hybrid mint, is a cross-species between watermint (Mentha aquatica L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Other Mentha species are also cultivated around the world for essential oil production.
  • 378
  • 27 Nov 2023
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