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Topic Review
Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer: Gaps in Biomarkers Discovery
Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer-related deaths. The main issue is lacking an effective screening test in clinical practice. Noninvasive biomarkers are urgently needed. Although low-dose computed tomography (LD-CT) shows a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality, its cost, radiation, and false-positive rate limit its clinical suitability. Much research has focused on biological fluid biomarkers, but none have transitioned from lab to practice. Future research will be needed to introduce biomarkers into clinical practice.
  • 126
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Microalgae in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an invalidating chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and progressive bone damage. Dietary intervention is an important component in the treatment of RA to mitigate oxidative stress, a major pathogenic driver of the disease. Alongside traditional sources of antioxidants, microalgae—a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes—are emerging as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory food supplements.
  • 252
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Most Frequent Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases with a very high rate of morbidity and mortality. The clinical presentation of CVDs can vary from asymptomatic to classic symptoms such as chest pain in patients with myocardial infarction. Current therapeutics for CVDs mainly target disease symptoms. The most common CVDs are coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, and valvular heart disease.
  • 274
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immune System, Inflammation and Autoantigens in wAMD
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is a chronic inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior part of the eye in the aging population. Aging results in the reduced functionality of cells and tissues, including the cells of the retina. Initiators of a chronic inflammatory and pathologic state in wAMD may be a result of the accumulation of inevitable metabolic injuries associated with the maintenance of tissue homeostasis from a young age to over 50. Apart from this, risk factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and failure to repair the injuries that occur, alongside attempts to rescue the hypoxic outer retina may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and a compromised outer blood retinal barrier (BRB) result in the exposure of the privileged milieu of the retina to the systemic immune system, further increasing the severity of the disease. 
  • 297
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tear Hyperosmolarity and Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder of the lacrimal system and ocular surface, characterized by a deficiency in the quality and/or quantity of the tear fluid. The multifactorial nature of DED encompasses a number of interconnected underlying pathologies, including loss of homeostasis, instability and hyperosmolarity of the tears, and the induction and propagation of detrimental inflammatory responses in the eyes, which finally results in the development of neurosensory dysfunction and visual disruption.
  • 615
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria during Long COVID
The gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the renin-angiotensin complex through systemic and local pathways. ACE2 is already known to be the cornerstone of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COVID-19 disease due to the specific coupling of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the cell membrane, it also affects the mitochondria of infected cells, thereby triggering altered metabolism, mitophagy, and atypical levels of mitochondrial proteins in extracellular vesicles.
  • 270
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke despite Oral Anticoagulation
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) experiencing ischemic stroke despite oral anticoagulation (OAC), i.e., breakthrough strokes, are not uncommon, and represent an important clinical subgroup in view of the consistently high risk of stroke recurrence and mortality. The understanding of the heterogenous potential mechanism underlying OAC failure is essential in order to implement specific therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. 
  • 157
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
AI to Identify Novel Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that has a significant impact on quality of life and work capacity. Treatment of RA aims to control inflammation and alleviate pain; however, achieving remission with minimal toxicity is frequently not possible with the current suite of drugs.
  • 183
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Dysfunction in Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a disease both of the valve and the myocardium, characterized by fibrosis and calcification of valve leaflets, progressive LV hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis. AS represents not only a valvular disease but a whole heart disease, often in patients with comorbidities.
  • 288
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Approaches for Drug Delivery to the Brain
Brain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise, treatments for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remain limited. Despite the significant advancement in drug development technology with emerging biopharmaceuticals like gene therapy or recombinant protein, the clinical translational rate of such biopharmaceuticals to treat CNS disease is extremely poor. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from blood and protects the CNS microenvironment to maintain essential neuronal functions, poses the greatest challenge for CNS drug delivery. Many strategies have been developed over the years which include local disruption of BBB via physical and chemical methods, and drug transport across BBB via transcytosis by targeting some endogenous proteins expressed on brain-capillary. Drug delivery to brain is an ever-evolving topic, although there were multiple review articles in literature, an update is warranted due to continued growth and new innovations of research on this topic.
  • 142
  • 11 Dec 2023
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