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Topic Review
Nicotinamide Riboside
A number of studies confirmed that measurable, biological effects on NAD+ levels can be achieved by oral NR supplementation, with no serious adverse effects. Significant increase of NAD+ levels by NR administration have been reported in whole-blood, liver, skeletal muscles, and brown adipose tissue, but not in the brain and white adipose tissue. The observed differences may be explained by differential expression of Nmrk (nicotinamide ribose kinases, NMRK1 and NMRK2) in the specific tissues. The literature gives some suggestions for the dosing of NR to achieve a desired clinical outcome. NR is considered as a safe supplement as no severe side effects are reported, as otherwise seen with other NAD+ precursers such as flushing, pruritus, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, or increased enzyme activity in the liver or muscles.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Microalgae Impact on Oral Health
Microalgae and cyanobacteria could represent a potential natural alternative to antibiotic, antiviral, or antimycotic therapies, as well as a good supplement for the prevention and co-adjuvant treatment of different oral diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review
DUX4-rearranged leukaemia
DUX4-rearrangement (DUX4r) is a recently discovered recurrent genomic lesion reported in 4-7% of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL). The gene fusion most commonly links the hypervariable IGH gene to DUX4 a gene located within the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4. DUX4r is cryptic to most standard diagnostic techniques and difficult to identify even with next-generation sequencing assays.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aztreonam/Avibactam
The epidemiology of infections sustained by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is rapidly evolving. New drugs are available or are on the horizon. Most are combinations of a β-lactam and a β-lactamase inhibitor. One part is the antibiotic cefiderocol that has a peculiar antibacterial mechanism of action. Dispensing of such an armamentarium requires in-depth knowledge of their microbiological spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties, and clinical study results. The following will describe the antibacterial strategy of aztreonam in combination with avibactam.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Tongue and Systemic Connections Microbiota
The tongue is able to quickly reflect the state of health or disease of the human body. Tongue inspection is an important diagnostic approach. It is a unique method that allows to explore the pathogenesis of diseases based on the guiding principles of the holistic concept that involves the observation of changes in the lining of the tongue in order to understand the physiological functions and pathological changes of the body. It is a potential method of screening and early detection of cancer.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Balance Remains Impaired after Hip Arthroplasty
Hip arthroplasty (HA) is the end-stage intervention for patients affected by hip osteoarthritis (OA). It is the most common joint replacement procedure and the number of patients undergoing prosthetic implantation is progressively growing due to the ageing population. The evidence suggested that balance is impaired immediately after surgery and, 4–12 months after surgery, it becomes better than preoperatively, although without reaching the level of healthy subjects. A strong level of evidence was found for hip resurfacing resulting in better balance restoration than total HA (THA), and for strength and ROM exercises after surgery positively influencing balance. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of turmeric plant. Beyond its common use as a culinary spice in Eastern Asia, curcumin has been proposed as a therapeutic compound due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Thus, its efficacy has been evaluated in various inflammatory-based psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression or autism. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin C Deficiency
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through the diet in adequate amounts to prevent hypovitaminosis C, deficiency and its consequences—including the potentially fatal deficiency disease scurvy. Global vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency has not previously been reported, despite vitamin C’s pleiotropic roles in both non-communicable and communicable disease. This entry highlights the global literature on vitamin C status and the prevalence of hypovitaminosis C and deficiency. Related dietary intake is reported if assessed in the studies. Overall, the entry illustrates the shortage of high quality epidemiological studies of vitamin C status in many countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries. The available evidence indicates that vitamin C hypovitaminosis and deficiency is common in low- and middle-income countries and not uncommon in high income settings. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission is the process by which a signal is conveyed between neurons via endogenous signaling molecules called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters released from the axon terminal of one neuron cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the dendrites of another neuron, which are then converted into electrical signals. Synapse, the junction between neurons, has a tripartite structure that consists of presynaptic and postsynaptic nerve terminals along with the intimate association of glial cells.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Ciguatoxins in Fish
Ciguatoxins are very potent marine neurotoxins, that accumulate to toxic levels in edible fish in certain circumtropical areas, and are associated with ciguatera fish poisoning worldwide. Ciguatoxins are produced by specific benthic dinoflagellates, enter the marine food chain via herbivorous fish and invertebrates, and eventual are biotransformed in herbivorous, omnivorous, and carnivorous fishes to more poisonous forms. Ciguatoxins cause risks to human health at very low concentrations. To decrease the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning, it is important to know fishing areas with low concentrations of ciguatoxins, as well as to test fish tissue for toxins before consumption. Modern laboratories use several detection techniques, such as mouse bioassay, cell-based assays, receptor-binding assays, antibody-based immunoassays, electrochemical methods, and analytical techniques, to obtain information about the total toxicity of fish tissue samples, as well as to identify toxins and to determine the toxin profile. State-of-the-art ciguatoxin detection involves the combination of a cell-based assay or receptor-binding assay to screen total toxicity, and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to confirm toxins and provide toxin profiles. 
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Aug 2020
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