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Topic Review
Spinal Muscular Atrophy Molecular Biomarkers
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive degenerative illness that affects 1 in every 6 to 11,000 live births. This autosomal recessive disorder is caused by homozygous deletion or mutation of the SMN1 gene (survival motor neuron). As a backup, the SMN1 gene has the SMN2 gene, which produces only 10% of the functional SMN protein. Nusinersen and risdiplam, the first FDA-approved medications, act as SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing modifiers and enhance the quantity of SMN protein produced by this gene. The emergence of new therapies for SMA has increased the demand for good prognostic and pharmacodynamic (response) biomarkers in SMA.
  • 232
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal and Parenteral Analgesia
The combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with non-opioid analgesics is common in clinical practice for the treatment of acute painful conditions like post-operative and post-traumatic pain. Despite the satisfactory results achieved by oral analgesics, parenteral analgesia remains a key tool in the treatment of painful conditions when the enteral routes of administration are inconvenient. Parenteral ready-to-use fixed-dose combinations of non-opioid analgesics combinations, including NSAIDs and paracetamol or metamizole, could play a central role in the treatment of painful conditions by combining the advantages of multimodal and parenteral analgesia in a single formulation. 
  • 425
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Bladder Cancer
Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been increasingly used in bladder cancer staging to improve the accuracy of lymph node detection and to overcome the lack of sensitivity and the understaging showed by conventional imaging. Lymph node (LN) involvement is a crucial determinant of prognosis for patients with bladder cancer, and an accurate staging is of utmost importance to better identify timely and appropriate therapeutic strategies. To improve the accuracy of LN detection, as an alternative to traditional methods such as CT or MRI, 18F-FDG PET/CT has been increasingly used. 18F-FDG PET/CT is also used in post-treatment restaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
  • 220
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Principles of Rational COVID-19 Therapy in Pediatrics
A structural analysis of the range of drugs and treatment strategies in the context of etiotropic, pathogenetic, and symptomatic therapy has shown that in the global context and in real clinical practice, the etiotropic-pathogenetic approach based on information about the effectiveness of individual medical technologies prevails today. It has been established that eight international nonproprietary/grouping names are present in international practice as means of etiotropic therapy for pediatric patients with COVID-19, and 18 positions are used for pathogenetic therapy. In terms of frequency of occurrence, the leading positions are occupied by remdesivir and the combination of nirmatrelvir with ritonavir, as well as dexamethasone and tocilizumab.
  • 245
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Characterization of Sodium-Alginate-Based Hydrogels
Alginates are polysaccharides that are produced naturally and can be isolated from brown sea algae and bacteria. Sodium alginate (SA) is utilized extensively in the field of biological soft tissue repair and regeneration owing to its low cost, high biological compatibility, and quick and moderate crosslinking.
  • 398
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanoemulsion in Management of Colorectal Cancer
The second most significant cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in the United States is colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most diagnosed malignancy. People over 50 have an increased risk of CRC everywhere in the world. Genetic and environmental risk factors significantly influence CRC development. Early detection is critical in the treatment and prevention of CRC. The population’s incidence rate of CRC is reduced by screening techniques and medicines, although recurrence of the disease may result from the cancer’s ability to spread locally. Nanotechnology is crucial for cancer treatment because it allows for the delivery of targeted chemotherapies to cancer cells directly and with greater therapeutic potency. Nanoemulsions have broad application in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, and food; their outstanding properties include enhanced dispersion of active hydrophobic components, small size, high surface area per unit volume, and improved absorption in cancer treatment.
  • 247
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
pH-Responsive Vaccine Delivery System in Cancer Vaccines Formulation
Cancer vaccination as an immunotherapy to increase the immune system’s anti-tumor immunity has been extensively studied.  Extracellular and intracellular pH measurements reveal that the endocytic spaces of DCs have a somewhat acidic pH. While being surrounded by endosomal structures, proteases are more quickly destroyed as a consequence of antigen import by endocytosis and the consequent acidification of the lysosome. Low endosomal pH is a suitable internal signal for pH-responsive vaccine delivery techniques for regulating antigen production. Reacting to changes in pH, this intracellular distribution may be achieved by using acid-catalyzed disintegration, particle phase shift, and the “proton sponge effect”. When it comes to the administration of cancer vaccines, pH-responsive biomaterials have attracted the greatest attention.
  • 274
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of snoRNA and lincRNA in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary tract and can be divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Emerging evidence demonstrates that long noncoding RNAs play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a subgroup of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not overlap protein-coding genes. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that mainly exist in the nucleolus, are approximately 60–300 nucleotides in length, and are hosted inside the introns of genes. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been associated with the origin and development of bladder cancer.
  • 438
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Significance of Determining Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the category of socially significant diseases with epidemic rates of increases in prevalence. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a specific kind of kidney damage that occurs in 40% of patients with DM and is considered a serious complication of DM. Hyperglycemia has a negative effect on renal structures due to a number of factors, including the activation of the polyol and hexosamine glucose metabolism pathways, the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products and increases in the insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction of tissues. The above mechanisms cause the development of oxidative stress (OS) reactions and mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn contribute to the development and progression of DN. Modern antioxidant therapies for DN involve various phytochemicals (food antioxidants, resveratrol, curcumin, alpha-lipoic acid preparations, etc.), which are widely used not only for the treatment of diabetes but also other systemic diseases. 
  • 166
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Alkaloids and Their General Applications
Alkaloids are organic chemical compounds with a cyclic ring structure containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms. They are widely distributed in nature and are found as naturally occurring secondary metabolites in both plants and animals.
  • 240
  • 11 Aug 2023
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