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Topic Review
CEUS-Detected Spleen Abnormalities in Dogs and Cats
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that utilizes contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas to enhance ultrasound imaging, allowing for assessment of the size, shape, texture, and vascularity of several organs. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. 
  • 182
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gabapentin-Associated Movement Disorders
Gabapentin (GBP) is U.S. FDA-approved for the adjunctive treatment of focal seizures and the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. GBP also exhibits analgesic properties, often used as the first line in managing neuropathic pain. GBP-induced movement disorders are under-recognized adverse drug reactions. They are commonly not discussed with patients, and their sudden occurrence can lead to misdiagnosis of a “seizure-like” condition. Also, first-contact physicians might treat them as seizures or psychiatric comorbidities, leading to unnecessary tests and aggressive management.
  • 513
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Methylxanthines and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Methylxanthines (MTX) are purine derived xanthine derivatives. Methylxanthines are also known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, mediate changes in lipid homeostasis and have neuroprotective effects.
  • 443
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Place of Splenectomy in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare, very heterogeneous, and sometimes life-threatening acquired hematologic disease characterized by increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction by autoantibodies (autoAbs), either with or without complement involvement.  AIHA can be primary (idiopathic) but is more often secondary, triggered by infections or drug use or as a part of other diseases. As the location of origin of autoAbs and the location of autoAb-mediated RBC clearance, as well as the location of extramedullary hematopoiesis, the spleen is crucially involved in all the steps of AIHA pathobiology. Splenectomy, which was the established second-line therapeutic option in corticosteroid-resistant AIHA patients for decades, has become less common due to increasing knowledge of immunopathogenesis and the introduction of targeted therapy. 
  • 432
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dystrophinopathy Diagnosis and Therapy
Dystrophinopathies are x-linked muscular disorders that emerge from mutations in the Dystrophin gene, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, Duchenne muscular dystrophy interconnects with bone loss and osteoporosis, which are exacerbated by glucocorticoid therapy. Appropriate choice of steroids and regimen is crucial. Creatine kinase (CK) has a 71% potential of detecting female carriers that are increased by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or dystrophin study in biopsy. Clinical neurologists need to relate to patients and families of patients with neurocognitive problems since mental retardation might be part of Duchenne's picture.
  • 318
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology-Clinical Presentation of Occult Primary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors that originate in diffuse neuroendocrine cells, potentially affecting any organ. NENs encompass a large and heterogenous group of neoplasms characterized by different biological behavior, depending on the clinical and histopathological features and primary site. NENs are classified into well-differentiated G1–G3 NENs and poorly differentiated G3 neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), based on their morphological features and proliferation rate. Approximately 11% to 14% of subjects with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have metastatic lesions with unknown primary origin (UPO), with the majority of UPO-NENs found in the small bowel
  • 192
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Sickle Cell Anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia (SCD) is a life-threatening haematological disorder which is predominant in sub-Saharan Africa and is triggered by a genetic mutation of the β-chain haemoglobin gene resulting in the substitution of glutamic acid with valine. This mutation leads to the production of an abnormal haemoglobin molecule called haemoglobin S (HbS). When deoxygenated, haemoglobin S (HbS) polymerises and results in a sickle-shaped red blood cell which is rigid and has a significantly shortened life span. Various reports have shown a strong link between oxidative stress, inflammation, the immune response, and the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. 
  • 193
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain Inhibitors
The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family inhibitors are small molecules that target the dysregulated epigenetic readers, BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, at various transcription-related sites, including super-enhancers. Although four different functions of autophagy have been identified in the literature (cytoprotective, cytotoxic, cytostatic and non-protective), primarily the cytoprotective and cytotoxic forms appear to function in different experimental models exposed to BET inhibitors (with some evidence for the cytostatic form).
  • 203
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Causes of Infertility in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Infertility has been recognized as a civilizational disease. One of the most common causes of infertility is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Closely interrelated immunometabolic mechanisms underlie the development of this complex syndrome and lead to infertility. The direct cause of infertility in PCOS is ovulation and implantation disorders caused by low-grade inflammation of ovarian tissue and endometrium which, in turn, result from immune and metabolic system disorders. The systemic immune response, in particular the inflammatory response, in conjunction with metabolic disorders, insulin resistance (IR), hyperadrenalism, insufficient secretion of progesterone, and oxidative stress lead not only to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, autoimmunity, and lipid metabolism disorders but also to infertility. Depending on the genetic and environmental conditions as well as certain cultural factors, some diseases may occur immediately, while others may become apparent years after an infertility diagnosis. Each of them alone can be a significant factor contributing to the development of PCOS and infertility. 
  • 233
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Prompt Engineering in Medical Education
Prompt engineering is a systematic approach to effectively communicating with generative language models (GLMs) to achieve the desired results. Well-crafted prompts yield good responses from the generative language models (GLMs), while poorly constructed prompts will lead to unsatisfactory responses. Besides the challenges of prompt engineering, significant concerns are associated with using GLMs in medical education, including ensuring accuracy, mitigating bias, maintaining privacy, and avoiding excessive reliance on technology.
  • 250
  • 11 Sep 2023
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