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Topic Review
Systemic Manifestations of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder that may present with various symptoms and signs. The manifestation of preeclampsia is widely perceived to be centered around hypertension and proteinuria, but clinical presentations could be variable in essence. 
  • 313
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Preeclampsia Pathophysiology
Preeclampsia has been termed a “disease of theories” by some as numerous studies have aimed to propose different concepts to explore its complex etiology and pathophysiology. 
  • 456
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Function of Alpha-Synuclein
Synucleinopathy underlies a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and pure autonomic failure (PAF). A common feature of these syndromes is alpha-synuclein (aS) aggregation and cellular inclusions.  In synucleinopathies, the formation of the distinct αS species is determined by the nature of the self-assembly processes, which is influenced by many factors including the SNCA mutation or multiplication, epigenetic regulation, post-translational modification, micro-environments, etc.  Both the oligomeric and fibrillar forms of αS are toxic to cells.  The detrimental effects of αS continue to grow as αS fibrils start to form LBs, which can cause mitochondrial disassembly, mitophagy, mitochondrial depolarization, and synaptic dysfunction that result in progressive neurodegeneration.  
  • 728
  • 16 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lewy Body Dementias
Lewy body dementias (LBDs) consist of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), which are clinically similar syndromes that share neuropathological findings with widespread cortical Lewy body deposition, often with a variable degree of concomitant Alzheimer pathology. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the neuropathological and clinical features, current diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and management of LBD. Literature research was performed using the PubMed database, and the most pertinent articles were read and are discussed in this paper. The diagnostic criteria for DLB have recently been updated, with the addition of indicative and supportive biomarker information. The time interval of dementia onset relative to parkinsonism remains the major distinction between DLB and PDD, underpinning controversy about whether they are the same illness in a different spectrum of the disease or two separate neurodegenerative disorders. The treatment for LBD is only symptomatic, but the expected progression and prognosis differ between the two entities. Diagnosis in prodromal stages should be of the utmost importance, because implementing early treatment might change the course of the illness if disease-modifying therapies are developed in the future. Thus, the identification of novel biomarkers constitutes an area of active research, with a special focus on α-synuclein markers. 
  • 721
  • 16 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Fragmented Adipose Tissue for Targeted Drug Delivery
Major limitations in the effective treatment of neurological cancer include systemic cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, inaccessibility, and inoperability. The capability to successfully target a drug to the tumor site(s) without incurring serious side effects—especially in the case of aggressive tumors, such as glioblastoma and neuroblastoma—would represent a significant breakthrough in therapy. Orthotopic systems, capable of storing and releasing proteins over a prolonged period at the site of a tumor, that utilize nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels have been proposed. One candidate for drug delivery is Micro-Fragmented Adipose Tissue (MFAT). Easily obtained from the patient by abdominal subcutaneous liposuction (autologous), and with a high content of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), mechanically derived nanofat is a natural tissue graft with a structural scaffold organization. It has a well-preserved stromal vascular fraction and a prolonged capacity to secrete anti-tumorigenic concentrations of pre-absorbed chemotherapeutics within extracellular vesicles. 
  • 393
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor expression. TNBC is thought to be produced by Wnt, Notch, TGF-beta, and VEGF pathway activation, which leads to cell invasion and metastasis. To address this, the use of phytochemicals as a therapeutic option for TNBC has been researched. Plants contain natural compounds known as phytochemicals. Curcumin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) are phytochemicals that have been found to inhibit the pathways that cause TNBC, but their limited bioavailability and lack of clinical evidence for their use as single therapies pose challenges to the use of these phytochemical therapies. 
  • 448
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Interplay between Neoneurogenesis and Neoangiogenesis in Carcinogenesis
Angiogenesis, the generation of new blood vessels, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The growing tumor requires nutrients and oxygen. The evidence has shown that tumors release signals to attract new nerve fibers and stimulate the growth of new nerve fibers. Neurogenesis, neural extension, and axonogenesis assist in the migration of cancer cells. Cancer cells can use both blood vessels and nerve fibers as routes for cells to move along. In this way, neurogenesis and angiogenesis both contribute to cancer metastasis. As a result, tumor-induced neurogenesis joins angiogenesis and immunosuppression as aberrant processes that are exacerbated within the tumor microenvironment. The relationship between these processes contributes to cancer development and progression. The interplay between these systems is brought about by cytokines, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators, which activate signaling pathways that are common to angiogenesis and the nervous tissue. These include the AKT signaling pathways, the MAPK pathway, and the Ras signaling pathway. These processes also both require the remodeling of tissues. The interplay of these processes in cancer provides the opportunity to develop novel therapies that can be used to target these processes.
  • 411
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of B-Cell Maturation Antigen Agents
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, usually found on the surface of normal B-lymphocytes; however, it is overexpressed in pathogenic plasma cells. BCMA has two ligands, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and a B-cell activating factor (BAFF), where APRIL has a greater affinity to bind to its receptor when compared to BAFF. These ligands activate the downstream signals, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt, activating anti-apoptotic protein resulting in cell survival and proliferation. BCMA can be targeted in three different ways: chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
  • 265
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
HIV-Associated Cancer Biomarkers
Biomarkers are classified based on certain parameters such as functions and characteristics such as Type 0, Type I and Type II.
  • 260
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type II Endometrial and Prostate Cancer
Precision oncology can be defined as molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations.
  • 191
  • 15 Sep 2023
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