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Topic Review
Clinical Management and Therapy of Precocious Puberty
Puberty identifies the transition from childhood to adulthood. Precocious puberty is the onset of signs of pubertal development before age eight in girls and before age nine in boys, it has an incidence of 1/5000–1/10,000 with an F:M ratio ranging from 3:1 to 20:1. Precocious puberty can be divided into central, also known as gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty or true precocious puberty, and peripheral, also recognized as gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty or precocious pseudopuberty. 
  • 204
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neurophysiology in Managing Patients with Chiari Malformations
Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) includes various congenital anomalies that share ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils lower than the foramen magnum, in some cases associated with syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. CM1 can cause dysfunction of the brainstem, spinal cord, and cranial nerves. This functional alteration of the nervous system can be detected by various modalities of neurophysiological tests, such as brainstem auditory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, electromyography and nerve conduction studies of the cranial nerves and spinal roots, as well as brainstem reflexes.
  • 225
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Ethanol in a Human Study
In the pharmacokinetic analysis of ethanol after oral administration, only single- or two-compartment models are used, but their precision in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters might be insufficient. Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained using pharmacokinetic models differ depending on the type of model used. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters depend on the type of model used. The classic Widmark model in particular overestimated the fraction of absorbed ethanol from the gastrointestinal system to systemic circulation. 
  • 427
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Zebrafish in Biology
Zebrafish is a crucial in vivo model for lung cancer research and is widely employed in studies focusing on cancer proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. It plays a pivotal role in cancer drug development, being used for target validation, compound screening, and personalized therapy.
  • 217
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Endurance Sports
Strenuous exercise can be associated with “Exercise Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome” (Ex-GIS), a clinical condition characterized by a series of gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances that may impact the physical and psychological performance of athletes. The pathophysiology comprises multi-factorial interactions between the GI tract and the circulatory, immune, enteric, and central nervous systems. 
  • 286
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Selenium-Enriched Foods
Selenium plays important roles in human health, but both selenium deficiency and excess can cause severe harm to humans and animals. Studies have shown that the effects of selenium supplementation depend on its dosage and species. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced and scientifical selenium supplementation. In recent years, natural and artificial selenium-enriched foods have been developed as the major sources of dietary selenium supplementation, and various selenium-enriched foods have been demonstrated to exhibit different physiological functions in vitro and in vivo, including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, etc.
  • 188
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Methods for Retinal Disease Diagnosis
The advancement of digital medical imaging has brought about a significant change in ophthalmology as it has introduced effective technologies that help in the detection of such diseases. By improving early detection through image analysis and identifying minuscule anomalies, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has considerably coped with retinal diseases. Different Machine Learning (ML) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are efficient at analyzing images and are particularly incredible at recognizing complex patterns in medical images.
  • 240
  • 21 Oct 2023
Topic Review
BRCA Mutations in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer was the second most common cancer and ranked fifth in causing cancer-related death in men worldwide in 2020. BRCA mutations have been found to be especially clinically relevant with a role for germline or somatic testing. Prostate cancer with DDR defects may be sensitive to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors which target proteins in a process called PARylation.
  • 215
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in the Natural History of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia and its prevalence increases with age. The irregular and rapid contraction of the atria can lead to ineffective blood pumping, local blood stasis, blood clots, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. NADPH oxidases (NOX) and mitochondria are the main sources of reactive oxygen species in the heart, and dysregulated activation of NOX and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with AF pathogenesis. NOX- and mitochondria-derived oxidative stress contribute to the onset of paroxysmal AF by inducing electrophysiological changes in atrial myocytes and structural remodeling in the atria.
  • 816
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) causes a progressive decline in renal function, leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and increases the likelihood of cardiovascular events and mortality. The introduction of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor has been a game changer in managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and congestive heart failure (CHF). These agents not only slow down the progression of kidney disease but also have cardioprotective benefits, including for patients with congestive heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Some evidence suggests that they can decrease the risk of stroke as well.
  • 291
  • 20 Oct 2023
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