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Topic Review
Bioactive Peptides Derived from Edible Insects
Novel foods, including edible insects, are emerging because of their nutritional characteristics and low environmental impacts and could represent a valid alternative source of food in a more sustainable way. Edible insects have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. Insect-derived bioactive peptides exert antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and have protective effects against common metabolic conditions. 
  • 247
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Plasmid-Mediated mcr Gene-Based Polymyxins
The polymyxin antibiotics colistin and polymyxin B have been recently revitalized as bactericidal drugs due to the increase in bacterial resistance to many commonly used antibiotics. Polymyxins were originally derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa as the products of fermentation in the form of amphipathic lipopeptide molecules. Polymyxins were discovered in the 1940s to be cyclic lipodecapeptide antibiotics and recognized for therapeutic use in the 1950s. Polymyxins contain conserved components that consist of a d-Phe6-l-Leu7 segment, an N-terminal fatty acyl chain separated by cationic residues (l-α-γ-diaminobutyric acid (Dab)), and segments of the polar amino acid threonine (Thr). Polymyxins target the negatively charged outer membrane lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Gram-negative bacteria. Mobilized colistin resistance, mcr, genes are mainly associated with bacterial plasmids. These play an important role in the spread of colistin resistance because of their transferability among different strains in different environments. These mcr genes encode phosphoethanolamine-lipid A transferases that mediate the addition of PEA to the lipid A of an LPS at the 1′ and 4′ positions, causing a significant reduction in the overall negative charge on the bacterial outer membrane. This ultimately leads to the loss of binding affinity of an LPS to the cationic polymyxins and therefore resistance to their action.
  • 148
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cell Types in dMMR/MSI-H Colorectal Cancer
Mismatch-repair deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) cancers encompass a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nevertheless, nearly 30% of patients with dMMR/MSI-H CRC show primary resistance to ICIs, and some develop resistance in the course of disease. 
  • 251
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hydatid Cyst Chemotherapy by Nanotechnology
Hydatid cysts have been widely recognized for decades as a common medical problem that affects millions of people. A revolution in medical treatment may be on the prospect of nanotechnology enhancing chemotherapy against hydatid cysts.
  • 358
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Oral Health and Schizophrenia in Advanced Age
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that makes patients incompetent to perform day-to-day activities due to their progressing mental illness. In addition to disturbances with thoughts, behavioral changes, and impaired cognitive functions, oro-systemic health also becomes compromised. 
  • 212
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Imaging of Mediastinal Masses
Mediastinal masses present a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse etiologies. Accurate localization and internal characteristics of the mass are the two most important factors to narrow the differential diagnosis or provide a specific diagnosis. The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) classification is the standard classification system used to localize mediastinal masses. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the two most commonly used imaging modalities for characterization of the mediastinal masses.
  • 237
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanodelivery Systems and Constituents Derived from Novel Foods
Novel Food is a new category of food, regulated by the European Union Directive No. 2015/2283. This latter norm defines a food as “Novel” if it was not used “for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union before the date of entry into force of that regulation, namely 15 May 1997”.  Due to their natural source, Novel Food can represent another new and not fully exploited reservoir of nutraceuticals. Indeed, Novel Food can also be considered an important source of raw matter to produce a nano-drug delivery system. The application of Novel Foods as new nanoceutical materials or bioactive compounds embedded into nanocarriers is a new research field, as these sources have been employed only in recent decades.
  • 121
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Imaging for Infectious Keratitis
Infectious keratitis (IK) is among the top five leading causes of blindness globally. Early diagnosis is needed to guide appropriate therapy to avoid complications such as vision impairment and blindness. Slit lamp microscopy and culture of corneal scrapes are key to diagnosing IK. Slit lamp photography was transformed when digital cameras and smartphones were invented. The digital camera or smartphone camera sensor’s resolution, the resolution of the slit lamp, and the focal length of the smartphone camera system are key to a high-quality slit lamp image. Alternative diagnostic tools include imaging, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). OCT’s advantage is its ability to accurately determine the depth and extent of the corneal ulceration, infiltrates, and haze; therefore characterizing the severity and progression of the infection. However, OCT is not a preferred choice in the diagnostic tool package for infectious keratitis. Rather, IVCM is a great aid in diagnosing fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis with overall sensitivities of 66–74% and 80–100% and specificity of 78–100% and 84–100%, respectively. Deep learning (DL) models have been shown to be promising aids for diagnosing IK via image recognition. 
  • 144
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Retinal Diseases
With the rapid development of stem cell research in modern times, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new era of tissue regeneration, becoming one of the most promising strategies for currently untreatable retinal diseases. Among the various sources of stem cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to their characteristics and multiple functions, which include immunoregulation, anti-apoptosis of neurons, cytokine and growth factor secretion, and antioxidative activities. ADSCs can facilitate the replacement of dying cells, promote tissue remodeling and regeneration, and support the survival and growth of retinal cells. 
  • 150
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Cesarean Delivery Analgesia
Cesarean delivery is the most commonly performed abdominal surgery in the world, and it can be associated with severe postoperative pain. Effective postoperative analgesia using multimodal approach improves maternal and neonatal outcomes after cesarean delivery. The use of neuraxial approach (local anesthetic and opioids) and intravenous adjunctive drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen, represents the standard regimen for post-cesarean delivery analgesia. Peripheral nerve blocks may be considered in patients who are unable to receive neuraxial techniques; these blocks may also be used as a rescue technique in selected patients. 
  • 323
  • 16 Nov 2023
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