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Topic Review
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors among women. Its prognosis and treatment outcomes depend on factors related to tumor cell biology. Studies have revealed the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development, progression, and treatment response of breast cancer. 
  • 235
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Overexpression of Glutathione S-Transferases in Human Diseases
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a major class of phase II metabolic enzymes. Besides their essential role in detoxification, GSTs also exert diverse biological activities in the occurrence and development of various diseases. Much research interest has been paid to exploring the mechanisms of GST overexpression in tumor drug resistance. Correspondingly, many GST inhibitors have been developed and applied, solely or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tumors. Moreover, novel roles of GSTs in other diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis and neurodegenerative diseases, have been recognized, although the exact regulatory mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
  • 181
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Facilitation of hERG Activation by Its Blocker
Modulation of the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) channel, a crucial voltage-gated potassium channel in the repolarization of action potentials in ventricular myocytes of the heart, has significant implications on cardiac electrophysiology and can be either antiarrhythmic or proarrhythmic. For example, hERG channel blockade is a leading cause of long QT syndrome and potentially life-threatening arrhythmias, such as torsades de pointes. Conversely, hERG channel blockade is the mechanism of action of Class III antiarrhythmic agents in terminating ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. In recent years, it has been recognized that less proarrhythmic hERG blockers with clinical potential or Class III antiarrhythmic agents exhibit, in addition to their hERG-blocking activity, a second action that facilitates the voltage-dependent activation of the hERG channel. This facilitation is believed to reduce the proarrhythmic potential by supporting the final repolarizing of action potentials.
  • 171
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Application of Electrophysiology in Non-Macular Inherited Retinal Dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies encompass a diverse group of disorders affecting the structure and function of the retina, leading to progressive visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Electrophysiology testing has emerged as a valuable tool in assessing and diagnosing those conditions, offering insights into the function of different parts of the visual pathway from retina to visual cortex and aiding in disease classification. The different applications and limitations of electrophysiology techniques, including multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), full-field ERG (ffERG), electrooculogram (EOG), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and visual evoked potential (VEP), in the diagnosis and management of these distinctive phenotypes are discussed.
  • 362
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mentha piperita
Mentha species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as natural herbal formulations. Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) is regarded as one of the best potential sources of biologically active substances for the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. M. piperita, a hybrid mint, is a cross-species between watermint (Mentha aquatica L.) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Other Mentha species are also cultivated around the world for essential oil production.
  • 377
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Porous structures produced from biocompatible titanium alloys using selective laser melting can present a promising material to design scaffolds with regulated mechanical properties and with the capacity to be loaded with pharmaceutical products. Adjusting pore geometry, one could control elastic modulus and strength/fatigue properties of the engineered structures to be compatible with bone tissues, thus preventing the stress shield effect when replacing a diseased bone fragment. Adsorption of medicals by internal spaces would make it possible to emit the antibiotic and anti-tumor agents into surrounding tissues. The developed internal porosity and surface roughness can provide the desired vascularization and osteointegration. 
  • 174
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Roadmap in Detecting and Staging Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition characterized by the presence of abnormal endometrial tissue outside the uterus. These misplaced cells are responsible for inflammation, symptoms, scar tissue and adhesions. Endometriosis manifests mainly in three patterns: superficial peritoneal lesions (SUP), ovarian endometriomas (OMA) and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). It also exhibits atypical and extremely rare localization. The updated 2022 guidelines of the ESHRE recommend using both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as first-line diagnostic tests.
  • 211
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer in the Arabian Gulf Countries
Breast cancer stands as the prevailing malignancy across all six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations. Most of the studies reported a consistent increase in breast cancer incidence over the past decades, which was particularly attributed to the adoption of a Westernized lifestyle in the region and the implications of emerging risk factors and other environmental and societal factors, the increase in screening uptake, as well as the improvement in data collection and reporting in the GCC. The data on breast cancer risk factors in the GCC were limited. In this geographic region, breast cancer frequently manifests with distinctive characteristics, including an early onset, typically occurring before the age of 50; an advanced stage at presentation; and a higher pathological grade. 
  • 196
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Tracheostomy in Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Infants with the most severe forms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may require long-term invasive positive pressure ventilation for survival, therefore necessitating tracheostomy. Although life-saving, tracheostomy has also been associated with high mortality, postoperative complications, high readmission rates, neurodevelopmental impairment, and significant caregiver burden, making it a highly complex and challenging decision. However, for some infants tracheostomy may be necessary for survival and the only way to facilitate a timely and safe transition home. The specific indications for tracheostomy and the timing of the procedure in infants with severe BPD are currently unknown.
  • 225
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Autoimmune thyroid diseases are on the rise worldwide, and such a rapid increase is mainly driven by environmental factors related to changed lifestyles in “modern” societies.
  • 213
  • 27 Nov 2023
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