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Topic Review
Multimodality Imaging for Diagnosis for Fabry Disease
Fabry disease (FD) is a genetic lysosomal storage disease with frequent cardiovascular involvement, whose presence is a major determinant of adverse clinical outcomes. As a potentially treatable cause of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, the early recognition of FD is crucial to initiate enzyme replacement therapy and improve long-term prognosis. Multimodality imaging plays a central role in the evaluation of patients with FD and helps in the differential diagnosis of other conditions presenting with LVH.
  • 168
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
miRNA as a Therapy Target in Breast Cancer
Most miRNAs are found inside the cell but also migrate in body fluids such as blood, urine, saliva, or breast milk. Thus, these short RNA particles are considered diagnostic and therapeutic markers, especially in cancer, neurology, or cardiology. It is noteworthy that miRNA dysregulation is common in many cancer cases as they can act as both tumor suppressors or oncogenes. miRNA as a therapy target is gaining extensive attention due to its various effects on cancer development. For example, supplementation of miRNA mimics (miR-15a) in prostate cancer cell lines induced apoptosis and blocked cell proliferation. Another study showed that miR-99a reduced breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Numerous studies showed that targeting miRNA with its antagonists might lead to tumor suppression and efficient, personalized cancer therapy. Significantly, miRNA-targeted therapy may influence a single gene and whole cellular pathways, which can be particularly beneficial. Specifically, the latest approach in miRNA therapeutics is mainly based on two strategies, i.e., the inhibition of oncogenic miRNAs and, hence, the restoration of the expression of tumor-suppressing genes that they target, or restoring the expression of tumor-suppressing miRNAs and consequently inhibiting the oncogenes that they target. Downregulation of tumor miRNA suppressors leads to the overexpression of their target oncogenes. To restore the expression of tumor-suppressing miRNAs, promising areas are the mimic miRNAs. They are small, chemically modified (2′-O’methoxy) double-stranded RNA molecules that mimic the endogenous mature miRNA molecules.
  • 127
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Apps in Anesthesia
Modern anesthesia continues to be impacted in new and unforeseen ways by digital technology. Combining portability and versatility, mobile applications or “apps” provide a multitude of ways to enhance anesthetic and peri-operative care.
  • 389
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Alveolar Damage and Dysfunction in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), marked by an ongoing, chronic fibrotic process within the lung tissue. IPF leads to an irreversible deterioration of lung function, ultimately resulting in an increased mortality rate. 
  • 212
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Microbiome Influence on Lung Cancer Pathogenesis
In the process of carcinogenesis, a direct influence of bacteria has been suggested: (1) via regulating oncogenic signaling pathways in epithelial cells, thus leading to cell cycle disorder, mutagenesis, and DNA damage; (2) on the cells of the immune system, triggering an immune response, production and release of cytokines, thus changing the local immune microenvironment of the host; and (3) through MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns), including the effects of bacteriotoxins, TLRs (toll-like receptors) signaling induction, and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) release. These mechanisms interact in the process of carcinogenesis. For example, it has been found that several microorganisms (Acidovorax, Klebsiella, Rhodoferax, Comamonas, and Polarmonas) were more abundant in squamous cell carcinoma with TP53 mutations in smokers. It has been suggested that lung epithelial cells with TP53 mutations due to tobacco smoke can be invaded by species that take advantage of the new microenvironment and may become tumor-foraging bacteria. Whether these bacteria induce mutations in TP53 is currently under investigation. 
  • 164
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency and Psychiatric Pathology
Vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in the nervous system and the link between different psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency have been revealed. The discovery of vitamin D receptors in multiple brain structures, like the hippocampus, led to the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency could be responsible for treatment resistance in psychiatric diseases. 
  • 219
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy and Apoptosis
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implicates several interconnecting factors. Immunity and external factors interact, and most aspects are still under investigation. Autophagy and apoptosis are two critical pathways that decide the fate of the individual cells of the intestinal mucosa.
  • 350
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Protein Palmitoylation in Tumor Cell Deaths
Researchers delve into the multifaceted role of palmitoylation across various cell death modalities in the oncological context, from its intricate correlations with tumorigenesis, steered by the Asp-His-His-Cys tetrapeptide motif (DHHC) family, to the counter-process of depalmitoylation mediated by enzymes like Palmitoyl protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1).
  • 341
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new synapses, alterations in the structure and function of neurons, and the generation of new neurons.
  • 328
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Pathogens in Aquaponic Systems
The union of aquaculture and hydroponics is named aquaponics—a system where microorganisms, fish and plants coexist in a water environment. Bacteria are essential in processes which are fundamental for the functioning and equilibrium of aquaponic systems.
  • 142
  • 29 Nov 2023
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