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Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria during Long COVID
The gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the renin-angiotensin complex through systemic and local pathways. ACE2 is already known to be the cornerstone of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the COVID-19 disease due to the specific coupling of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the cell membrane, it also affects the mitochondria of infected cells, thereby triggering altered metabolism, mitophagy, and atypical levels of mitochondrial proteins in extracellular vesicles.
  • 270
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke despite Oral Anticoagulation
Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) experiencing ischemic stroke despite oral anticoagulation (OAC), i.e., breakthrough strokes, are not uncommon, and represent an important clinical subgroup in view of the consistently high risk of stroke recurrence and mortality. The understanding of the heterogenous potential mechanism underlying OAC failure is essential in order to implement specific therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. 
  • 156
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
AI to Identify Novel Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that has a significant impact on quality of life and work capacity. Treatment of RA aims to control inflammation and alleviate pain; however, achieving remission with minimal toxicity is frequently not possible with the current suite of drugs.
  • 182
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Dysfunction in Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a disease both of the valve and the myocardium, characterized by fibrosis and calcification of valve leaflets, progressive LV hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis. AS represents not only a valvular disease but a whole heart disease, often in patients with comorbidities.
  • 286
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Approaches for Drug Delivery to the Brain
Brain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise, treatments for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remain limited. Despite the significant advancement in drug development technology with emerging biopharmaceuticals like gene therapy or recombinant protein, the clinical translational rate of such biopharmaceuticals to treat CNS disease is extremely poor. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from blood and protects the CNS microenvironment to maintain essential neuronal functions, poses the greatest challenge for CNS drug delivery. Many strategies have been developed over the years which include local disruption of BBB via physical and chemical methods, and drug transport across BBB via transcytosis by targeting some endogenous proteins expressed on brain-capillary. Drug delivery to brain is an ever-evolving topic, although there were multiple review articles in literature, an update is warranted due to continued growth and new innovations of research on this topic.
  • 141
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix Metabolism
Chronic inflammation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is characterized by persistent connective tissue remodeling, which leads to organ dysfunction and ultimately, organ failure, due to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The connective tissue responds uniformly to injuries of any kind by distinctive sequential changes in the ECM expression, including oedema formation, angiogenesis and finally, fibrosis, with the deposition of type III collagen in the early phase, mainly as fine fibers, and type I collagen as coarse fibers in the later phase of the lesion). This injury–repair process is qualitatively similar in all organs and is accompanied by the release of various matrix components into the circulation during the synthesis and breakdown of connective tissue constituents at the site of injury.
  • 241
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Technologies on Diabetes-Related Comorbidities
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, with a progressively increasing incidence. T1D management requires lifelong insulin treatment and ongoing health care support. The main goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose levels as close to the physiological range as possible, particularly to avoid blood glucose fluctuations, which have been linked to morbidity and mortality in patients with T1D. 
  • 222
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Small vessel diseases (SVD) is an umbrella term including several entities affecting small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules in the brain. One of the most relevant and prevalent SVDs is cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), whose pathological hallmark is the deposition of amyloid fragments in the walls of small cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. CAA frequently coexists with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and both are associated with cerebrovascular events, cognitive impairment, and dementia. CAA and AD share pathophysiological, histopathological and neuroimaging issues.
  • 222
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Biobanking in Neuro-Urology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neuro-urological disorders is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Through the establishment of comprehensive biobanks, researchers can collect and store various biological specimens, including urine, blood, tissue, and DNA samples, to study these mechanisms. In the context of neuro-urology, biobanking facilitates the identification of genetic variations, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression patterns associated with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. These conditions often present as symptoms of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, and many others. Biobanking of tissue specimens from such patients is essential to understand why these diseases cause the respective symptoms and what can be done to alleviate them. 
  • 217
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Lamins in Lung Cancer
Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins that are best known for their scaffolding function in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Lamins are encoded by the LMNA, LMNB1, and LMNB2 genes, giving rise to seven known lamin variants due to alternative splicing. In physiological settings, lamins play important roles in maintaining the integrity of the nuclear envelope, regulating DNA replication and transcription, and organizing the chromatin structure. Germline alterations in the lamin-encoding genes give rise to a multitude of disorders such as disturbed fat and skeletal homeostasis and syndromes that are summarized as laminopathies. These syndromes include cardiomyopathies, muscular dystrophies, and premature-aging-like syndromes such as the Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). HGPS is caused by abnormal splicing of prelamin A, resulting in a shortened isoform that is referred to as lamin AΔ50, AΔ150, or progerin. Lamin B-related diseases include lipodystrophy and brain disorders such as adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD). While laminopathies are rare diseases, the underlying mutations provide insights into the function and organization of lamin proteins. 
  • 299
  • 08 Dec 2023
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