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Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine
Developing a safe and effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a top priority for global health. Despite recent advances in antiviral therapies, the high cost and limited accessibility of these treatments impede their widespread application, particularly in resource-limited settings. Therefore, the development of the HCV vaccine remains a necessity.
  • 137
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Iran
Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) have global public health implications to both humans and animals, making it a One Health priority concern. Ongoing climatic change creates favourable conditions for the emergence of exotic MBDs in previously disease-free areas. 
  • 168
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein
The CCCH-type zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) in humans, specifically isoforms ZAP-L and ZAP-S, is a crucial component of the cell’s intrinsic immune response. ZAP acts as a post-transcriptional RNA restriction factor, exhibiting its activity during infections caused by retroviruses and alphaviruses.
  • 103
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Prokaryotic Argonaute Proteins in Point-of-Care Viral Diagnostics
Point-of-care (POC) technologies, which offer immediate and accurate testing at or near the site of patient care, have become a cornerstone of modern medicine. Prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (pAgo), proficient in recognizing target RNA or DNA with complementary sequences, have emerged as potential game-changers. pAgo present several advantages over the currently popular CRISPR/Cas systems-based POC diagnostics, including the absence of a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence requirement, the use of shorter nucleic acid molecules as guides, and a smaller protein size. 
  • 89
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Structural, Functional Changes by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has sparked intense research on its spike protein, which is essential for viral entrance into host cells. Viral reproduction and transmission, host immune response regulation, receptor recognition and host cell entrance mechanisms, as well as structural and functional effects have all been linked to mutations in the spike protein. Spike protein mutations can also result in immune evasion mechanisms that impair vaccine effectiveness and escape, and they are linked to illness severity and clinical consequences. 
  • 148
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Families of Viruses that Affect Passeriformes
Interest in emerging viruses is growing because some can cause serious or lethal disease in humans and animals. The number of cloacal virome studies is also growing, however, these usually focus on poultry and other domestic birds, These studies reveal a wide variety of viruses, although the pathogenic significance of most newly discovered viruses is uncertain. Analysis of viruses detected in wild birds is complex and often biased towards waterfowl because of the obvious interest in avian influenza or other zoonotic viruses. Less is known about the viruses present in the order Passeriformes, which comprises approximately 60% of extant bird species. This review aims to compile the most significant contributions, from traditional and metagenomic studies, on the viruses that affect passerines. It highlights most passerine species have never been sampled. Some viruses, especially Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Poxviridae and Togaviridae, and arguably others, are considered emerging because of increased incidence or avian mortality/morbidity, spread to new geographical areas or hosts and their zoonotic risk. However, many of these viruses have only recently been described in passerines using metagenomics and their role in the ecosystem is unknown.
  • 188
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wheat Dwarf Virus and Disease
Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV.
  • 303
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Approache to Face Human Cytomegalovirus Infection
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus capable of establishing a lifelong persistence in the host through a chronic state of infection and remains an essential global concern due to its distinct life cycle, mutations, and latency. It represents a life-threatening pathogen for immunocompromised patients, such as solid organ transplanted patients, HIV-positive individuals, and hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Multiple antiviral approaches are available and administered in order to prevent or manage viral infections in the early stages.
  • 200
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Disease-Inducing Potential of HERV-K
HERV-K (HML-2), the most recently active endogenous retrovirus group in humans, is transcribed during normal human embryogenesis, starting from the eight-cell stage and continuing through the emergence of epiblast cells in preimplantation blastocysts. These proviral RNAs produce viral-like particles and gag proteins in human blastocysts, indicating the presence of retroviral products during early human development. Additionally, the envelope protein of HERV-K (HML-2) from specific loci in chromosomes 12 and 19 is highly expressed on the cell membrane of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). 
  • 120
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Hepatitis is a pressing global health concern, encompassing a range of viral infections that affect the liver, with symptoms varying from mild to severe, and sometimes fatal outcomes. This research delves into the intricate world of hepatitis, exploring its diverse types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies. Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E are dissected, shedding light on their unique characteristics and modes of transmission. The causes and risk factors, including viral transmission, unsafe practices, and poor sanitation, are highlighted. Symptoms, from fatigue to jaundice, are unveiled, underscoring the variability of hepatitis presentations. Diagnosis involves blood tests, liver function assessments, imaging, and, in some cases, liver biopsies. Treatment options range from supportive care for self-limiting infections to antiviral therapies and potential liver transplants for advanced cases. Prevention is key, with vaccination, safe practices, and screening playing pivotal roles. As we navigate this expansive landscape, understanding hepatitis becomes paramount for individuals and healthcare systems worldwide, offering hope in the battle against this global health challenge.
  • 222
  • 08 Oct 2023
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