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Topic Review
Involvement of Immune Cells in CC Immunosuppressive TIME
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health problem in women of childbearing age. The immune response plays a crucial role in detecting and preventing the development of CC. However, factors such as age, prior or repeated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, changes in the microbiota of the reproductive tract, and lifestyle choices can lead to immune dysregulation and increase the risk of CC. One of the critical components of the TIME is tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are altered in CC and can contribute to tumor growth. 
  • 396
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Invertebrate Models Untangle PD Mechanism
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, afflicting ~10 million people worldwide. Although several genes linked to PD are currently identified, PD re-mains primarily an idiopathic disorder. Neuronal protein α-synuclein is a major player in disease progression of both genetic and idiopathic forms of PD. However, it cannot alone explain under-lying pathological processes. Recent studies demonstrate that many other risk factors can acceler-ate or further worsen brain dysfunction in PD patients. Several PD models, including non-mammalian eukaryotic organisms, have been developed to identify and characterize these factors.
  • 325
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
Intrinsic Mechanisms of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Aging
Since Joseph Altman's groundbreaking research revealing neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus, the field has witnessed an exponential growth in publications. Researchers know that the adult hippocampus harbors a pool of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) driving life-long neurogenesis and plasticity. Aging significantly influences NSC functions, leading to a diminished capacity for generating new neurons and contributing to the gradual deterioration of hippocampus-related cognitive functions. Although the mechanisms underlying this age-related decline are only partially understood, factors such as increased NSC quiescence, altered differentiation patterns and NSC exhaustion have been linked to it.
  • 229
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Concept of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) present in many tumors are an example of intratumoral heterogeneity of great importance. The original concept of CSCs emerged on the basis of the stem cell theory in its original form and on the reports about the exclusive ability of tumor cells expressing stem cell markers to induce tumor growth.The modern concept of CSCs has been updated by introducing the concept of the cells-of-origin of tumors and according to data obtained by genetic analysis combined with CSC-associated marker profiling and lineage tracing analysis.
  • 481
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Intratumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death, but it remains difficult to treat. Intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are inherent properties of breast, skin, lung, prostate, and brain tumors, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) helps define prognosis and therapeutic response in these cancers. Several recent studies estimate that ITH is inherent to HCC and attribute the clinical intractability of HCC to this heterogeneity.
  • 479
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intraoperative Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. Intraoperative Flow Cytometry (iFC) is the use of flow cytometry during tumor excision for rapid diagnosis of cancer cells and determination of tumor margins.
  • 378
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Intracellular Signalling in Wound Healing
The cells response to injury is initiated by growth factors and cytokines that play a key role in wound restoration, and their biological action is achieved via signal transduction. Growth factors and cytokines play distinct roles through all phases of wound healing. In response to injury, they can trigger several strategic signalling transduction pathways that are mostly activated during embryonic skin development. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and calcium (Ca2+) are the first intracellular signalling molecules for tissue repair response. These signalling molecules regulate several biological activities including cellular migration, proliferation, contractility, survival and many more related to different transcription factors that are usually induced by several other intracellular signalling pathways. This phenomenon makes it difficult to link a specific signalling response to injury.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intestinal Stem Cells
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are crucial players in colon epithelium physiology. The accurate control of their auto-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities provides a constant flow of regeneration, maintaining the epithelial intestinal barrier integrity. Under stress conditions, colon epithelium homeostasis in disrupted, evolving towards pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer. A specific environment, namely the ISC niche constituted by the surrounding mesenchymal stem cells, the factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), tightly controls ISC homeostasis. Colon ECM controls ISC homeostasis by exerting physical constraint on the enclosed stem cells through peculiar topography, stiffness and deformability.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Lines
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects.
  • 597
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intestinal Cell Plasticity
Under constant barrage from chemical, pathogenic, and mechanical stresses, the intestinal epithelium is homeostatically replenished by a pool of Lgr5⁺ intestinal stem cells (ISCs), residing at the bottom of submucosal invaginations termed crypts. Decorated with the RSPO-receptor LGR5, which potentiates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling, these actively cycling cells can both self-renew and give rise to short-lived transit-amplifying cells. In turn, transit-amplifying cells undergo successive rounds of cell division and differentiation to generate the full gamut of terminally differentiated intestinal cell types tasked with performing pleiotropic absorptive, secretory, immune, and barrier functions. The self-renewal capabilities and multipotency of Lgr5⁺ ISCs are tightly controlled by instructive cues emanating from epithelial and stromal components of the ISC niche in the vicinity of the lower crypt.  The intestinal epithelium displays a remarkable ability to regenerate following demise of homeostatic Lgr5⁺ ISCs post injury. Plasticity—the ability of lineage-restricted cells to regain self-renewal capacity and multi-lineage differentiation potential in response to environmental cues—is pervasive among multiple intestinal cell populations. Reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types can all contribute to regeneration and repair through dedifferentiation and reversion to an Lgr5⁺ stem-like state. In line with the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium, accumulating evidence supports both “bottom-up” and “top-down” histogenesis of colorectal tumours whereby the cells-of-origin comprise either ISCs at the crypt base or differentiated cells at the crypt apex, respectively. 
  • 589
  • 30 Mar 2021
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