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Topic Review
Milk Exosomes as Drug Delivery Agents
Milk is a unique natural source of exosomes available in semi-preparative and preparative quantities. Milk exosomes are highly resistant to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro studies have demonstrated that milk exosomes have an affinity to epithelial cells, are digested by cells by endocytosis mechanism, and can be used for oral delivery. With milk exosome membranes containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, exosomes can be loaded with hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
  • 498
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Drosophila Melanogaster Research
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is currently incurable. As a consequence of an incomplete understanding of the etiology of the disease, therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment. Even though the majority of PD cases remain idiopathic (~90%), several genes have been identified to be causative for PD, facilitating the generation of animal models that are a good alternative to study disease pathways and to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD. Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be an excellent model in these studies.
  • 495
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pseudophosphatases in Disease
Pseudophosphatases are important regulators, and their proper regulation is important for maintaining homeostasis and preventing diseases.
  • 495
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CfDNA, Sport Adaptation Predictor
Changes of circulating free plasma DNA (cfDNA) are associated with different types of tissue injury, including those induced by intensive aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Observed changes are dependent from induced inflammation, and thus it may be a potential marker for athletic overtraining. 
  • 495
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
High-Throughput Screening Methods for Radiosensitivity and Resistance
The biological impact of ionizing radiation (IR) on humans depends not only on the physical properties and absorbed dose of radiation but also on the unique susceptibility of the exposed individual. A critical target of IR is DNA, and the DNA damage response is a safeguard mechanism for maintaining genomic integrity in response to the induced cellular stress. Unrepaired DNA lesions lead to various mutations, contributing to adverse health effects.
  • 495
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Aprotinin
The drug aprotinin (Trasylol, previously Bayer and now Nordic Group pharmaceuticals), is a small protein bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), or basic trypsin inhibitor of bovine pancreas, which is an antifibrinolytic molecule that inhibits trypsin and related proteolytic enzymes. Under the trade name Trasylol, aprotinin was used as a medication administered by injection to reduce bleeding during complex surgery, such as heart and liver surgery. Its main effect is the slowing down of fibrinolysis, the process that leads to the breakdown of blood clots. The aim in its use was to decrease the need for blood transfusions during surgery, as well as end-organ damage due to hypotension (low blood pressure) as a result of marked blood loss. The drug was temporarily withdrawn worldwide in 2007 after studies suggested that its use increased the risk of complications or death; this was confirmed by follow-up studies. Trasylol sales were suspended in May 2008, except for very restricted research use. In February 2012 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) scientific committee reverted its previous standpoint regarding aprotinin, and has recommended that the suspension be lifted. Nordic became distributor of aprotinin in 2012.
  • 495
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
WD40 Repeat
The WD40 repeat (also known as the WD or beta-transducin repeat) is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Tandem copies of these repeats typically fold together to form a type of circular solenoid protein domain called the WD40 domain.
  • 495
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19: the Immunological Challenges
Although COVID-19 pneumonia is a novel disease that is different from other types of ARDS, severe COVID-19-associated ARDS shares typical ARDS lung pathology such as diffuse alveolar damage and hyaline membrane formation. As Prasanna et al. summarized, the general rationale for low-dose radiation treatment of COVID-19 is its inhibition of the cytokine storm, which promotes pulmonary dysfunction and ultimately ARDS. Inflammation is a dynamic and progressive process that is tightly associated with redox-modulated reactions. When recruited to sites of inflammation, macrophages and neutrophils generate reactive species, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). With multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines being secreted, the latter together with elevated levels of ROS and RNS deteriorate redox homeostasis, and further worsen the disease. During the past two decades, research has revealed that low-dose radiation-mediated homeostasis is associated with enhanced cellular detoxification of ROS by a major antioxidant enzyme (manganese superoxide dismutase, MnSOD) within the mitochondria. This adaptive protection of mitochondrial metabolic functions is thought to provide experimental and theoretical support for using low-dose radiation to limit virus replication. Other antioxidants, including glutathione, were also shown to be increased following exposure to low doses of sparsely ionizing radiation such as X and γ rays. Schaue et al. suggested that it might be difficult and challenging for patients with complicated conditions and advanced age to rebalance redox levels, and low-dose radiation treatment might be of clinical value with its broad suppression of various inflammatory, pro-oxidant pathways at multiple levels.
  • 496
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Disruption of Claudin-Made Tight Junction Barriers by CpE
Claudins are a family of integral membrane proteins that enable epithelial cell/cell interactions by localizing to and driving the formation of tight junctions. Via claudin self-assembly within the membranes of adjoining cells, their extracellular domains interact, forming barriers to the paracellular transport of small molecules and ions. The bacterium Clostridium perfringens causes prevalent gastrointestinal disorders in mammals by employing an enterotoxin (CpE) that targets claudins. CpE binds to claudins at or near tight junctions in the gut and disrupts their barrier function, potentially by disabling their assembly or via cell signaling means—the mechanism(s) remain unclear.
  • 494
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Obesity-Associated Cancers
Obesity, one of the major problems in modern human society, is correlated with various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In particular, epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that obesity is closely linked to at least 13 different types of cancer. The mechanisms that potentially explain the link between obesity and cancer include hyperactivation of the IGF pathway, metabolic dysregulation, dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones, and adipokines. 
  • 494
  • 18 May 2022
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