Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Sphingolipid Homeostasis
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous components of cellular membranes that exert various functions depending on their structural maturation and subcellular localization. Structurally simple sphingolipid precursors, such as ceramides, act as intracellular signaling molecules in many processes, including apoptosis, whereas mature and complex forms of sphingolipids are important structural components of the plasma membrane. Supplying complex sphingolipids to the plasma membrane while simultaneously preventing the accumulation of pro-apoptotic metabolites is essential for cell survival and depends on mechanisms that tightly control sphingolipid synthesis, breakdown, transport, and storage. Sphingolipid homeostasis describes the state of the cell in which the intracellular concentration and distribution of sphingolipids supports survival. 
  • 505
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Metformin and Female Reproduction
Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The entry is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. 
  • 504
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Synaptotagmin-13 Is a Neuroendocrine Marker
Synaptotagmin-13 (Syt13) is an atypical member of the vesicle trafficking synaptotagmin protein family. The expression pattern and the biological function of this Ca2+-independent protein are not well resolved. Here, we have generated a novel Syt13-Venus fusion (Syt13-VF) fluorescence reporter allele to track and isolate tissues and cells expressing Syt13 protein. The reporter allele is regulated by endogenous cis-regulatory elements of Syt13 and the fusion protein follows an identical expression pattern of the endogenous Syt13 protein. The homozygous reporter mice are viable and fertile.
  • 504
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Rieske Iron-Sulfur Protein in COPD and Pulmonary Hypertension
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third leading cause of death worldwide. The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) accounts for the high mortality rate in COPD patients. Recent studies from the researchers' laboratory and others have highlighted the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in the development of COPD and associated PH. ROS are primarily generated in mitochondrial complex III in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP), a catalytic subunit of mitochondrial complex III, is the major player in the generation of ROS. RISP plays a critical role in pulmonary vasoconstriction, remodeling, and hypertension.
  • 503
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Macrophage/Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Crosstalk in Liver
Inflammation is a hallmark of liver pathology, where macrophages and endothelial cells are pivotal players in promoting and sustaining disease progression. Understanding the drivers and mediators of these interactions will provide valuable information on what may contribute to liver resilience against disease. In this entry, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of macrophages and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) in homeostasis and liver pathology, with a particular focus on Trem-2 as a key mediator of these interactions.
  • 502
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
FGF23 is a bone-derived hormone that is essential for regulating vitamin D and phosphate homeostasis. 
  • 502
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vimentin in Oral Cancers
Oral carcinogenesis is a multistep process. As much as 5% to 85% of oral tumors can develop from potentially malignant disorders (PMD). Although the oral cavity is accessible for visual examination, the ability of current clinical or histological methods to predict the lesions that can progress to malignancy is limited.
  • 502
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Terpenoid Transport in Plants
Contrary to the biosynthetic pathways of many terpenoids, which are well characterized and elucidated, their transport inside subcellular compartments and the secretion of reaction intermediates and final products at the short- (cell-to-cell), medium- (tissue-to-tissue), and long-distance (organ-to-organ) levels are still poorly understood, with some limited exceptions.
  • 502
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrion Structure and Function
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in essential cellular functions, including cytosolic calcium regulation, cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production. They are the site of important biochemical pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, parts of the ureagenesis cycle, or haem synthesis.
  • 502
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Cancer Treatment
Telomeres are non-coding short repeat sequences (TTAGGG in vertebrates) which in combination with shelterin proteins protect the ends of linear chromosomes from degradation, recombination, and end fusions. Human telomeres range from 5–15 kb in length. Human Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) cancers are often present as mesenchymal or epithelial origin in subsets of osteosarcomas, liposarcomas, glioblastomas, or astrocytomas.
  • 502
  • 06 Apr 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 161
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback