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Topic Review
Lipid-Based mRNA Nanoparticles
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is being extensively used in gene therapy and vaccination due to its safety over DNA, in the following ways: its lack of integration risk, cytoplasmic expression, and transient expression compatible with fine regulations. However, clinical applications of mRNA are limited by its fast degradation by nucleases, and the activation of detrimental immune responses. Advances in mRNA applications, with the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines, were fueled by optimization of the mRNA sequence and the development of mRNA delivery systems. Although delivery systems and mRNA sequence optimization have been abundantly reviewed, understanding of the intracellular processing of mRNA is mandatory to improve its applications. 
  • 606
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Antioxidant Systems in Photoreceptors and RPE Cells
The retina, a multi-layered nervous structure in the back of the eye, detects light stimuli via specialised primary sensory neurons, named after their morphologies as retinal rods and cones. Rods and cones in vitro may retain their ability to respond to light for several hours by generating an electrical response. However, their viability and long-term operation require the functional interaction with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a vascular system with peculiar features, the choroidal capillaries (ChC), whose specific form and shape support its function.
  • 389
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor. With limited therapeutic options, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent studies have shown that GBM acquires large amounts of lipids for rapid growth through activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), a master transcription factor that regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and cholesterol uptake. Interestingly, GBM cells divert substantial quantities of lipids into lipid droplets (LDs), a specific storage organelle for neutral lipids, to prevent lipotoxicity by increasing the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1), which convert excess fatty acids and cholesterol to triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters, respectively. 
  • 685
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism Disorders and COPD
Exacerbations largely determine the character of the progression and prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exacerbations are connected with changes in the microbiological landscape in the bronchi due to a violation of their immune homeostasis. Many metabolic and immune processes involved in COPD progression are associated with bacterial colonization of the bronchi. 
  • 541
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism and Acylglycerolphosphate Acyltransferases (AGPATs) in Cancer
Alter lipid metabolism is an emerging hallmark of cancer. The conversion of fatty acids to neutral triacylglycerides (TAG), plays a central role in this adaptive process.  Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferases (AGPATs)/lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (LPAATs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA), an intermediate in TAG synthesis, a signaling molecule, and a precursor of phospholipids. Importantly, the expression of AGPATs has been linked to diverse physiological and pathological phenotypes, including cancer.
  • 525
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism
  Bone is a dynamic tissue and is constantly being remodeled by bone cells. Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in the activation of these bone cells and skeletal metabolism, which fulfills the energy demand for bone remodeling. Among various metabolic pathways, the importance of lipid metabolism in bone cells has long been appreciated. More recent studies also establish the link between bone loss and lipid-altering conditions—such as atherosclerotic vascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and obesity—and uncover the detrimental effect of fat accumulation on skeletal homeostasis and increased risk of fracture. Targeting lipid metabolism with statin, a lipid-lowering drug, has been shown to improve bone density and quality in metabolic bone diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of lipid-mediated regulation in osteoclasts are not completely understood. Thus, a better understanding of lipid metabolism in osteoclasts can be used to harness bone cell activity to treat pathological bone disorders.
  • 784
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolic Alterations in KRAS Mutant Tumors
KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated genes, an event that leads to development of highly aggressive and resistant to any type of available therapy tumors. Mutated KRAS drives a complex network of lipid metabolic rearrangements to support the adaptation of cancer cells to harsh environmental conditions and ensure their survival. Because there has been only a little success in the continuous efforts of effectively targeting KRAS-driven tumors, it is of outmost importance to delineate the exact mechanisms of how they get rewired, leading to this distinctive phenotype.
  • 317
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets in Yeast during Stress and Aging
The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable tool for aging research, as many aging- and disease-associated pathways such as DNA repair mechanisms, lipostasis, proteostasis, oxidative stress responses, regulated cell death, nutrient signaling, autophagy, and regulation of the cell cycle are evolutionarily conserved to a high degree. Lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionary conserved structures that were mentioned for the first time by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1674, but their reassessment as autonomous organelles with important key roles in lipid and energy metabolism occurred many years later. LDs originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the first step, neutral lipids are synthesized at the ER and are redirected into the bilayer, leading to an aggregation of the highly motile lipids. Emerging evidence suggests that LDs also fulfil impotant functions during aging and in protein homeostasis.
  • 287
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Limb Development
The function of retinoic acid (RA) during limb development is still debated, as loss and gain of function studies led to opposite conclusions. With regard to limb initiation, genetic studies demonstrated that activation of FGF10 signaling is required for the emergence of limb buds from the trunk, with Tbx5 and RA signaling acting upstream in the forelimb field, whereas Tbx4 and Pitx1 act upstream in the hindlimb field. Early studies in chick embryos suggested that RA as well as Meis1 and Meis2 (Meis1/2) are required for subsequent proximodistal patterning of both forelimbs and hindlimbs, with RA diffusing from the trunk, functioning to activate Meis1/2 specifically in the proximal limb bud mesoderm. However, genetic loss of RA signaling does not result in loss of limb Meis1/2 expression and limb patterning is normal, although Meis1/2 expression is reduced in trunk somitic mesoderm. More recent studies demonstrated that global genetic loss of Meis1/2 results in a somite defect and failure of limb bud initiation. Other new studies reported that conditional genetic loss of Meis1/2 in the limb results in proximodistal patterning defects, and distal FGF8 signaling represses Meis1/2 to constrain its expression to the proximal limb.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strains
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) share several beneficial effects on human organisms, such as bioactive metabolites’ release, pathogens’ competition and immune stimulation. 
  • 443
  • 19 Nov 2021
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