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Topic Review
Intestinal Stem Cells
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are crucial players in colon epithelium physiology. The accurate control of their auto-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities provides a constant flow of regeneration, maintaining the epithelial intestinal barrier integrity. Under stress conditions, colon epithelium homeostasis in disrupted, evolving towards pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer. A specific environment, namely the ISC niche constituted by the surrounding mesenchymal stem cells, the factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), tightly controls ISC homeostasis. Colon ECM controls ISC homeostasis by exerting physical constraint on the enclosed stem cells through peculiar topography, stiffness and deformability.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Intracellular Signalling in Wound Healing
The cells response to injury is initiated by growth factors and cytokines that play a key role in wound restoration, and their biological action is achieved via signal transduction. Growth factors and cytokines play distinct roles through all phases of wound healing. In response to injury, they can trigger several strategic signalling transduction pathways that are mostly activated during embryonic skin development. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and calcium (Ca2+) are the first intracellular signalling molecules for tissue repair response. These signalling molecules regulate several biological activities including cellular migration, proliferation, contractility, survival and many more related to different transcription factors that are usually induced by several other intracellular signalling pathways. This phenomenon makes it difficult to link a specific signalling response to injury.
  • 969
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intraoperative Flow Cytometry
Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. Intraoperative Flow Cytometry (iFC) is the use of flow cytometry during tumor excision for rapid diagnosis of cancer cells and determination of tumor margins.
  • 351
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Intratumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death, but it remains difficult to treat. Intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are inherent properties of breast, skin, lung, prostate, and brain tumors, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) helps define prognosis and therapeutic response in these cancers. Several recent studies estimate that ITH is inherent to HCC and attribute the clinical intractability of HCC to this heterogeneity.
  • 423
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Concept of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) present in many tumors are an example of intratumoral heterogeneity of great importance. The original concept of CSCs emerged on the basis of the stem cell theory in its original form and on the reports about the exclusive ability of tumor cells expressing stem cell markers to induce tumor growth.The modern concept of CSCs has been updated by introducing the concept of the cells-of-origin of tumors and according to data obtained by genetic analysis combined with CSC-associated marker profiling and lineage tracing analysis.
  • 444
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsic Mechanisms of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Aging
Since Joseph Altman's groundbreaking research revealing neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus, the field has witnessed an exponential growth in publications. Researchers know that the adult hippocampus harbors a pool of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) driving life-long neurogenesis and plasticity. Aging significantly influences NSC functions, leading to a diminished capacity for generating new neurons and contributing to the gradual deterioration of hippocampus-related cognitive functions. Although the mechanisms underlying this age-related decline are only partially understood, factors such as increased NSC quiescence, altered differentiation patterns and NSC exhaustion have been linked to it.
  • 196
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Invertebrate Models Untangle PD Mechanism
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, afflicting ~10 million people worldwide. Although several genes linked to PD are currently identified, PD re-mains primarily an idiopathic disorder. Neuronal protein α-synuclein is a major player in disease progression of both genetic and idiopathic forms of PD. However, it cannot alone explain under-lying pathological processes. Recent studies demonstrate that many other risk factors can acceler-ate or further worsen brain dysfunction in PD patients. Several PD models, including non-mammalian eukaryotic organisms, have been developed to identify and characterize these factors.
  • 297
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
Involvement of Immune Cells in CC Immunosuppressive TIME
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health problem in women of childbearing age. The immune response plays a crucial role in detecting and preventing the development of CC. However, factors such as age, prior or repeated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, changes in the microbiota of the reproductive tract, and lifestyle choices can lead to immune dysregulation and increase the risk of CC. One of the critical components of the TIME is tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are altered in CC and can contribute to tumor growth. 
  • 364
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Involvement of Opioid Peptides in Cancer
Peptides mediate cancer progression favoring the mitogenesis, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, promoting metastasis and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and facilitating angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis. Tumor cells overexpress peptide receptors, crucial targets for developing specific treatments against cancer cells using peptide receptor antagonists and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Opioids exert an antitumoral effect, whereas others promote tumor growth and metastasis. The involvement of opioid peptides in cancer; these peptides have enhanced the tumor growth induced by stress. MET and dynorphin (DYN) A are released from immune cells under inflammatory conditions, and the level of DYN in the cerebrospinal fluid increased in patients with cancer pain. The re-expression of the mu-opioid receptor gene in tumor cells increased the release of beta-endorphin (END) from these cells. Moreover, skin-derived beta-END mediates the fatigue induced by radiation therapy in cancer patients; plasma beta-END level augmented in rats receiving radiation but was reversed with naloxone. 
  • 277
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ionic Salt Signals
The strong impact that ionic signaling exerts on the immune system is not restricted to T cells. Cellular players from both the innate and adaptive immune compartments are likewise exposed to differential concentrations of ionic signals in the tissue microenvironment. While several pathways have been shown to be conserved across cell types, others will be more cell type specific, leaving room for additional salt effects to be observed in the future.
  • 393
  • 12 Oct 2021
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