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Topic Review
MRGPRX2
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2) is a class A GPCR expressed on mast cells. Mast cells are granulated tissue-resident cells known for host cell response, allergic response, and vascular homeostasis.
  • 693
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Morphology of Lipedema
Lipedema is an adipofascial disorder that almost exclusively affects women. Lipedema leads to chronic pain, swelling, and other discomforts due to the bilateral and asymmetrical expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Although various distinctive morphological characteristics, such as the hyperproliferation of fat cells, fibrosis, and inflammation, have been characterized in the progression of lipedema, the mechanisms underlying these changes have not yet been fully investigated. In addition, it is challenging to reduce the excessive fat in lipedema patients using conventional weight-loss techniques, such as lifestyle (diet and exercise) changes, bariatric surgery, and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, lipedema patients also go through additional psychosocial distress in the absence of permanent treatment. Research to understand the pathology of lipedema is still in its infancy, but promising markers derived from exosome, cytokine, lipidomic, and metabolomic profiling studies suggest a condition distinct from obesity and lymphedema. Although genetics seems to be a substantial cause of lipedema, due to the small number of patients involved in such studies, the extrapolation of data at a broader scale is challenging. With the current lack of etiology-guided treatments for lipedema, the discovery of new promising biomarkers could provide potential solutions to combat this complex disease.
  • 720
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Monoubiquitin Signaling in Genetic Diseases
Ubiquitination is a reversible post-translational modification that controls protein function and stability. Different types of ubiquitination were described including polyubiquitination, the attachment of multiple ubiquitin residues, or monoubiquitination, the attachment of a single ubiquitin molecule. While most of the studies have described the role of polyubiquitination, recent evidences show that monoubiquitination is a key regulator of different cellular processes, including vesicular trafficking and protein complex formation and degradation. Enzymes regulating monoubiquitination such as E2 conjugating enzymes, E3 ligases or ubiquitin hydrolases, are found altered in several genetic diseases, including Parkinson's disease or Noonan syndrome.
  • 722
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Triggers of Retinal Regeneration in Amphibians
Understanding the mechanisms triggering the initiation of retinal regeneration in amphibians may advance the quest for prevention and treatment options for degenerating human retina diseases. Natural retinal regeneration in amphibians requires two cell sources, namely retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary marginal zone. The disruption of RPE interaction with photoreceptors through surgery or injury triggers local and systemic responses for retinal protection. In mammals, disease-induced damage to the retina results in the shutdown of the function, cellular or oxidative stress, pronounced immune response, cell death and retinal degeneration. In contrast to retinal pathology in mammals, regenerative responses in amphibians have taxon-specific features ensuring efficient regeneration. These include rapid hemostasis, the recruitment of cells and factors of endogenous defense systems, activities of the immature immune system, high cell viability, and the efficiency of the extracellular matrix, cytoskeleton, and cell surface remodeling. These reactions are controlled by specific signaling pathways, transcription factors, and the epigenome, which are insufficiently studied. 
  • 254
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mediators of RNA Loading into Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of membrane-coated vesicles with different proteomic and lipidomic profile, as well as different size. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) cooperate in the gene regulatory networks with other biomolecules, including coding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in transcriptional and translation regulation at different levels. Intriguingly, ncRNAs can be packed in vesicles, released in the extracellular space, and finally internalized by receiving cells, thus affecting gene expression also at distance. 
  • 449
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Quercetin in Cancer
The term “ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)” refers to radicals and ions that contain an unpaired numbered electron in its outmost electron field which are highly reactive metabolic byproducts that can have both harmful and useful effects within the cell. Quercetin (QC), a plant-derived bioflavonoid, is known for its ROS scavenging properties and was recently discovered to have various antitumor properties in a variety of solid tumors. Adaptive stress responses may be induced by persistent ROS stress, allowing cancer cells to survive with high levels of ROS while maintaining cellular viability. Large amounts of ROS make cancer cells extremely susceptible to quercetin, one of the most available dietary flavonoids. Because of the molecular and metabolic distinctions between malignant and normal cells, targeting ROS metabolism might help overcome medication resistance and achieve therapeutic selectivity while having little or no effect on normal cells. The powerful bioactivity and modulatory role of quercetin has prompted extensive research into the chemical, which has identified a number of pathways that potentially work together to prevent cancer, alongside, QC has a great number of evidences to use as a therapeutic agent in cancer stem cells.
  • 918
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Parthanatos
Differential evolution of apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and autophagy, parthanatos is a form of cell death mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which is caused by DNA damage. PARP1 hyper-activation stimulates apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nucleus translocation, and accelerates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, leading to DNA fragmentation. The mechanisms of parthanatos mainly include DNA damage, PARP1 hyper-activation, PAR accumulation, NAD+ and ATP depletion, and AIF nucleus translocation. Parthanatos, a kind of new programmed death mode, has been put forward by Professors Ted and Valina Dawson to indicate a caspase-independent cell death subroutine that critically relies on the hyper-activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1).
  • 819
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Autophagy
Autophagy is a main catabolic mechanism of the cell and refers to an evolutionary process by which cellular components and damaged organelles are degraded or recycled through lysosomal activity. Autophagy contributes to preserve cellular homeostasis and provides the cells the ability to adapt to stressful conditions and prevent cellular damage and cell death.
  • 511
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Systemic Sclerosis-Related Lung Fibrosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is an autoimmune connective tissue disease with one of the highest mortality rates among the rheumatic diseases. Fibrosis is recognized to be a defining feature of SSc, affecting the skin and multiple visceral organs. As a result, SSc is considered the prototypic fibrosing disease. 
  • 305
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Ferroptosis in Orthopedic Diseases
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is an active and orderly process of cell death, which plays an important role in the evolution of living organisms, the stability of the internal environment, and the development of multiple systems. PCD includes cell apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy. Apoptosis is characterized by nuclear fragmentation, the formation of apoptotic bodies, and the activation of proteins such as pro-apoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2). It leads to the increase of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby releasing apoptotic factors and promoting cysteine cascade activation. During necrosis, the plasma membrane rupture, cytoplasmic organelle swelling, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation deficiency, ATP consumption, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) release. When pyroptosis occurs, the plasma membrane ruptures, the inflammation-related active IL-1β and IL-18 are released, and the caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) are activated by hydrolysis. Autophagy is characterized by the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, cytoplasmic vacuolation, non-condensation of chromatin, the transformation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-I to LC3-II, and p62-cleaved.
  • 341
  • 19 Oct 2022
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