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Topic Review
Nodal Proteins
Nodal proteins show a different affinity to TGF-β receptors; it was demonstrated that the presence of binding proteins that act as partners enhances the signal cascade, improving the interactions between Nodal and its receptors. It was established that a fundamental obligatory co-receptor for the TGF-β family member Nodal is the cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein Cripto-1 (CR-1). Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show the interaction between Nodal and CR-1, supporting the idea that CR-1 acts as an obliged coreceptor for Nodal that potentiates its signal cascade.
  • 783
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nod-Like Receptor Pyrin Containing Protein 3 Inflammasome
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, whose pathophysiology has been linked to the neuroinflammatory process. The increased activity of the Nod-like receptor pyrin containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an intracellular multiprotein complex, is intrinsically implicated in neuroinflammation by promoting the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18.
  • 326
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
NLRP3
The NLRP3 inflammasome (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) is an intracellular, multiprotein signalling complex implicated in a plethora of inflammatory diseases. These integral elements include the sensor NLRP3 protein, an adaptor protein called adaptor molecule apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and procaspase-1. The sensor NLRP3 protein can be triggered by PAMPs, DAMPs, and a range of diverse external stimuli such as infection and injury.
  • 901
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
NKG2D Natural Killer Cell Receptor
The functionality of NK cells is preserved by the set of activating and inhibitory receptors. Under normal conditions, the appropriate level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is supervised by inhibitory receptors, which keep NK cells silenced. The “missing self” mechanism considers reduced levels of MHC I (Ia and Ib) molecules when NK cells become activated.
  • 701
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
NK Cells in Pregnancy
NK cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate and adaptative immune response. These cells differ from T and B lymphocytes by the expression of preferentially CD16, CD56 markers. NK cells are located in peripheral blood and tissues with ample functions, from immune vigilant to tolerogenic reactions. The presence of tissue-resident NK cells has been observed in several species.
  • 379
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Microalgal
Microalgae can be used as a source of alternative food, animal feed, biofuel, fertilizer, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and for pharmaceutical purposes. The extraction of organic constituents from microalgae cultivated in the different nutrient compositions is influenced by microalgal growth rates, biomass yield and nutritional content in terms of lipid and fatty acid production. In this context, nutrient composition plays an important role in microalgae cultivation, and depletion and excessive sources of this nutrient might affect the quality of biomass. Investigation on the role of nitrogen and phosphorus, which are crucial for the growth of algae, has been addressed. However, there are challenges for enhancing nutrient utilization efficiently for large scale microalgae cultivation. Hence, this study aims to highlight the level of nitrogen and phosphorus required for microalgae cultivation and focuses on the benefits of nitrogen and phosphorus for increasing biomass productivity of microalgae for improved lipid and fatty acid quantities. Furthermore, the suitable extraction methods that can be used to utilize lipid and fatty acids from microalgae for biofuel have also been reviewed.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide in Stem Cell Biology
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive gas with a brief life span, synthesized by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) through L-arginine oxidation to L-citrulline. The dual role of NO in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has been previously reported, preserving pluripotency and cell survival or inducing differentiation with a dose-dependent pattern. In this line, high doses of NO have been used in vitro cultures to induce focused differentiation toward different cell lineages being a key molecule in the regenerative medicine field. Moreover, optimal conditions to promote pluripotency in vitro are essential for their use in advanced therapies.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
NF-κB and Human Cancer
Transcription factor NF-κB has been extensively studied for its varied roles in cancer since its initial characterization as a potent retroviral oncogene several decades ago. It is now clear that NF-κB plays a major role in a large variety of human cancers, including especially ones of immune cell origin. NF-κB is generally constitutively or aberrantly activated in human cancers where it is involved.
  • 653
  • 25 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Cytological approaches have long been used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic neoplasms. Technological advances in molecular biology, in particular next-generation sequencing (NGS), have made it possible to establish a molecular list of several gene mutations in AML and MDS, within a matter of days.
  • 324
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
New Vulnerabilities of Melanoma
Melanoma cells are notorious for their high plasticity and ability to switch back and forth between various melanoma cell states, enabling the adaptation to sub-optimal conditions and therapeutics. This phenotypic plasticity, which has gained more attention in cancer research, is proposed as a new paradigm for melanoma progression. Here the researchers present several rational therapeutic approaches, such as exploiting phenotype-specific and metabolic vulnerabilities and targeting components and signals of the tumor microenvironment (TME), to improve the response of melanoma patients to treatments.
  • 435
  • 13 Apr 2022
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