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Topic Review
Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neurodegenerative disease. Cell damage in ALS is the result of many different, largely unknown, pathogenetic mechanisms. Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) physiologically mediates intracellular peroxide generation. About 10% of ALS subjects show a familial disease associated with different gain-of-function SOD1 mutations. The occurrence of sporadic ALS, not clearly associated with SOD1 defects, has been also described. SOD1-dependent pathways have been involved in neuron functional network as well as in immune-response regulation. 
  • 235
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulation of Macrophages during Gout
Metabolites are the substrate, intermediate, or final products of metabolic reactions that drive the function of a given cell in a particular time and context. Therefore, metabolites provide essential information about the connection between gene expression and the environment, and, as such, they are elegant disease biomarkers. Macrophages represent an elegant model for understanding histone dynamics, transcription factor recruitment, and changes in gene expression during signal transduction by environmental signals.
  • 234
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Macrophages in Brief
Macrophages, the unsung heroes of our immune system, are multifunctional immune cells that play a pivotal role in defending our bodies against infections, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining overall health. Originating from circulating monocytes, macrophages are distributed throughout various tissues, adapting to their local environments and fulfilling specialized functions. These immune sentinels are recognized for their remarkable ability to engulf and digest pathogens, a process known as phagocytosis. Additionally, they serve as crucial antigen-presenting cells, initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. This bridging function between innate and adaptive immunity is a testament to their importance. Beyond immunity, macrophages are key players in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. They clear cellular debris, promote tissue repair, and modulate inflammation. Dysregulation of macrophage function is associated with a range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer. As research in immunology advances, macrophages continue to unveil their complex roles, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions and a deeper understanding of immune responses and disease processes.
  • 234
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Intrinsic Mechanisms of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Aging
Since Joseph Altman's groundbreaking research revealing neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus, the field has witnessed an exponential growth in publications. Researchers know that the adult hippocampus harbors a pool of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) driving life-long neurogenesis and plasticity. Aging significantly influences NSC functions, leading to a diminished capacity for generating new neurons and contributing to the gradual deterioration of hippocampus-related cognitive functions. Although the mechanisms underlying this age-related decline are only partially understood, factors such as increased NSC quiescence, altered differentiation patterns and NSC exhaustion have been linked to it.
  • 234
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Neutrophils in Brief
Neutrophils, often referred to as the unsung heroes of the immune system, are a type of white blood cell that plays a pivotal role in safeguarding our health. These versatile immune warriors are the first responders to infections and inflammation, acting as the frontline defense against invading pathogens. With their characteristic multi-lobed nuclei and granulated appearance, neutrophils may appear unassuming, but their functions are anything but ordinary. Neutrophils employ an impressive arsenal of tactics to combat threats. They execute phagocytosis, engulfing and neutralizing pathogens within specialized compartments. They release potent antimicrobial proteins and enzymes, such as defensins and lysozyme, to directly attack invaders. Neutrophils can also form intricate structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize and trap microbes. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent discoveries have unveiled their participation in adaptive immunity, influencing long-lasting immunological memory. Despite their humble appearance, neutrophils are essential components of our body's defense mechanisms, diligently working to maintain our overall health.
  • 233
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Anatomy of the Prostate
Understanding prostate carcinogenesis is crucial not only for identifying new treatment targets but also for developing effective strategies to manage the asymptomatic form of the disease. There is a lack of consensus about predicting the indolent form of the disease prostate cancer, leading to uncertainties regarding treatment initiation.
  • 233
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Human Liver Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from the majority of human tissues and easily maintained in culture. Cells derived from different sources have closely resemblant, but not identical phenotypes, gene expression patterns, and differentiation profiles. Unique features of human liver MSCs include expression of the hepatocyte-specific genes and predisposition to differentiate into the hepatocytes. This makes liver MSCs an attractive starting material for the manufacturing of human hepatocytes, which are in short supply in basic research, drug testing, and cell therapy. 
  • 231
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment of Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from stratified squamous epithelia. Here, a comparative analysis based on recent studies defining the genetic alterations and composition of the stroma of oral and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC and CSCC, respectively) was performed. Both carcinomas share some but not all histological and genetic features. 
  • 231
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Cardiac Differentiation
Autophagy is a critical biological process in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in autophagosomes and degraded in lysosomes. This highly conserved pathway controls intracellular recycling and is required for cellular homeostasis, as well as the correct functioning of a variety of cellular differentiation programs, including cardiomyocyte differentiation. By decreasing oxidative stress and promoting energy balance, autophagy is triggered during differentiation to carry out essential cellular remodeling, such as protein turnover and lysosomal degradation of organelles. When it comes to controlling cardiac differentiation, the crosstalk between autophagy and other signaling networks such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Wnt, Notch, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) is essential, yet the interaction between autophagy and epigenetic controls remains poorly understood. Numerous studies have shown that modulating autophagy and precisely regulating it can improve cardiac differentiation, which can serve as a viable strategy for generating mature cardiac cells. 
  • 230
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MRN Complex Functions in Cellular Homeostasis
Defects in MRE11A/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) genes and overexpression of the MRN proteins are both linked to cancer, generating confusion about how the MRN complex impacts cancer initiation and progression.
  • 230
  • 19 Oct 2023
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