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Topic Review
Chlorhexidine in Mouthwashes/Toothpastes
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a bisbiguanide with bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects. It is the most studied and most effective anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent.
  • 430
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Interleukin (IL)-6
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a signaling molecule involved in inflammatory processes, initiating fever and mediating the acute phase response. It is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted by a range of cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells and several tumor cells. It is also released by cells in the brain, such as neurons, microglia and astrocytes.
  • 519
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
JNK Pathway in CNS Pathologies
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway is a conserved response to a wide range of internal and external cellular stress signals.
  • 707
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
L-Aspartate
L-aspartate (Asp) serves as a central building block, in addition to being a constituent of proteins, for many metabolic processes in most organisms, such as biosynthesis of other amino acids, nucleotides, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis pathway intermediates, and hormones, which are vital for growth and defense.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Protein Kinase D
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases operating in the signaling network of the second messenger diacylglycerol. PKD belongs to the Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases superfamily and consists of three isoforms in mammals, notably, PKD1, PKD2 and PKD3. Activated PKD resides in diverse subcellular locations such as cytosol, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, mitochondria to regulate a number of cellular functions.
  • 704
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Chronic Heart Failure
Autophagy is a conserved cell quality control system, and increasing evidence suggests that it plays an important role in numerous and different biological processes, such as starvation, aging, inflammation, and organ remodeling, by maintaining cellular homeostasis.
  • 677
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diverse Calpain Family in Trypanosomatidae
The Trypanosomatidae family, class Kinetoplastea, encompasses exclusively parasitic protozoa, some of which cause important human diseases. About 37 million people worldwide are infected either with Trypanosoma brucei, the etiological agent of African sleeping sickness; Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease; or with different species of the genus Leishmania, responsible for different clinical manifestations known as leishmaniasis. The current therapy to treat these diseases is unsatisfying due to their low efficacy, high cost, toxicity, and tough administration routes, like parenteral. Therefore, the search for more effective drugs is still an urgent need, which can lead to alternative strategies, such as a repurposed approach with compounds already approved for human usage. In view of this scenario, calpains are an interesting target due to the intense efforts to develop means of identifying selective inhibitors in this group of calcium-dependent cysteine peptidases. Since these enzymes are involved in crucial physiological roles in mammals, their deregulated activity is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, especially in fibrotic diseases and neurological disorders. Moreover, trypanosomatids harbor a large and diverse family of calpain sequences in their genomes, comprising a wide range of associated domains, differential gene expression among life-cycle forms, and ubiquitous distribution in the parasite cell body. However, due to the difficulties in assaying calpain activity in these microorganisms, there is still an open question: are trypanosomatid calpains proteolytically active?
  • 364
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Regenaring Axons and Axon-Glia Interactions
Following an injury, axons of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) degenerate through a coordinated and genetically conserved mechanism known as Wallerian degeneration (WD). Unlike central axons, severed peripheral axons have a higher capacity to regenerate and reinnervate their original targets, mainly because of the favorable environment that they inhabit and the presence of different cell types. Even though many aspects of regeneration in peripheral nerves have been studied, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the dynamics of axonal degeneration and regeneration, mostly due to the inherent limitations of most animal models. In this scenario, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae combined with time-lapse microscopy currently offers a unique experimental opportunity to monitor the dynamics of the regenerative process in the PNS in vivo.
  • 386
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System
Tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) is involved in the progression of various human diseases. This system contains two regulatory pathways: a pathological pro-inflammatory pathway containing the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II (AngII)/Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) axis and a protective anti-inflammatory pathway involving the Angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2)/ACE2/Ang1–7/MasReceptor axis.
  • 356
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors.
  • 566
  • 09 Apr 2021
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