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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
CREB Protein Family Members in Radioresistance Mechanisms
In the framework of space flight, the risk of radiation carcinogenesis is considered a “red” risk due to the high likelihood of occurrence as well as the high potential impact on the quality of life in terms of disease-free survival after space missions. The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is overexpressed both in haematological malignancies and solid tumours and its expression and function are modulated following irradiation. The CREB protein is a transcription factor and member of the CREB/activating transcription factor (ATF) family. As such, it has an essential role in a wide range of cell processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Among the CREB-related nuclear transcription factors, NF-κB and p53 have a relevant role in cell response to ionising radiation. Their expression and function can decide the fate of the cell by choosing between death or survival.
542
09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Kinesin Family Member C1 (KIFC1/HSET) and Breast Cancer
Breast carcinogenesis involves a series of key molecular deregulatory events that prompt normal cells to bypass tumor-suppressive senescence barriers. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1/HSET), a microtubule binding protein of the kinesin-14 family, prevents the death of cells with centrosome amplification (CA), which is a hallmark of cancer. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1/HSET), which confers survival of cancer cells burdened with extra centrosomes, has been observed in premalignant and pre-invasive lesions, and its expression has been shown to correlate with increasing neoplastic progression. Additionally, KIFC1 has been associated with aggressive breast tumor molecular subtypes, such as basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers.
313
07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
BRCA1 and Metastasis: Outcome of Defective DNA Repair
BRCA1 has critical functions in accurately repairing double stand breaks in the DNA through a process known as homologous recombination. BRCA1 also has various functions in other cellular processes that safeguard the genome. Thus, mutations or silencing of this tumor suppressor significantly increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers. The objective of this review is to provide significant insights into the mechanisms by which BRCA1 mutations contribute to the metastatic and aggressive nature of the tumor cells.
343
07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
ABCA1 and Atherogenesis
Atheroprotective properties of human plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are determined by their involvement in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from the macrophage to the liver. ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI cholesterol transporters are involved in cholesterol efflux from macrophages to lipid-free ApoA-I and HDL as a first RCT step. Molecular determinants of RCT efficiency that may possess diagnostic and therapeutic meaning remain largely unknown. Defects in the structure and function of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI are caused by changes in the gene sequence, such as single nucleotide polymorphism or various mutations. In the transcription initiation of transporter genes, in addition to transcription factors, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), transcription activators, and repressors are also involved. Furthermore, transcription is substantially influenced by the methylation of gene promoter regions. Post-transcriptional regulation involves microRNAs and lncRNAs, including circular RNAs.
430
06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Metastasis
Communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer death. Small membrane-bound particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from both cancer and stromal cells and have a key role in mediating this communication through transport of cargo such as various RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA), proteins, and lipids.
434
04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Overexpression of CERKL Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Mitochondria
The precise function of CERKL, a Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) causative gene, is not yet fully understood. There is evidence that CERKL is involved in the regulation of autophagy, stress granule generation and mitochondrial dynamics, and it is considered a resilience gene that protects retinal cells from oxidative stress. Mutations in most RP genes affect photoreceptors, but retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be also affected. Upon oxidative stress conditions, CERKL knockdown causes RPE mitochondrial fragmentation and respiratory metabolism alterations, whereas CERKL overexpression protects mitochondria of RPE cells. Particular retinal phenotypic traits observed in patients carrying CERKL mutations may reflect a combination of photoreceptor and RPE alterations.
406
31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Maturation (IVM) of Human Oocyte
The clinical human oocyte IVM refers to in vitro maturation of the immature oocytes retrieved from follicles after no follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or minimal FSH stimulation (usually 3 days' stimulation), followed by no human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) or minimal hCG priming (single 10,000 IU injection).
1.1K
28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
NF-κB and Human Cancer
Transcription factor NF-κB has been extensively studied for its varied roles in cancer since its initial characterization as a potent retroviral oncogene several decades ago. It is now clear that NF-κB plays a major role in a large variety of human cancers, including especially ones of immune cell origin. NF-κB is generally constitutively or aberrantly activated in human cancers where it is involved.
660
25 Dec 2021
Topic Review
New Frontiers in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a limited capacity for functional and morphological repair and regeneration. Peripheral nerve recovery is a multistep process with a complex molecular and cellular regulatory circuitry. Severe injury of peripheral nerves often results in a loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions of innervated organs and tissues, therefore calling for novel treatment strategies to ensure effective regeneration.
725
24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Induced Nephron Progenitor-like Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a major public health concern due to its prevalence in 7–12% of the population worldwide, progression to irreversible end-stage renal disease (ESRD), impaired quality of life, associations with high social and financial costs, and high rates of associated morbidity and mortality (an 82% increase in CKD epidemic over the past two decades). The current treatment options for kidney failure involve lifelong dialysis and whole kidney transplantation. Although kidney transplantation undoubtedly offers a better quality of life and life expectancy than dialytic treatment, it is limited by the scarcity of available organs and the huge gap between supply and demand. Furthermore, considering that the average life expectancy of dialysis patients is barely a decade, alternative strategies for preventing or delaying the progression to ESRD are urgently needed. In this context, regenerative medicine strategies employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are a viable approach that is worthy of substantial consideration as a promising cell source for kidney diseases. However, the generation of induced nephron progenitor-like cells (iNPCs) from human somatic cells remains a major challenge.
576
24 Dec 2021
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