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Topic Review
Alveolar Epithelial Cells in Pulmonary Fibrosis
An important contributor to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the alteration of the intracellular homeostasis of alveolar epithelial cells, which are mainly composed of alveolar type I epithelial cells (AT1), alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT2), as well as abnormal basaloid cells, resulting in aberrant epithelial repair, myofibroblast activation, and increased extracellular matrix deposition to form lung fibrosis
  • 576
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
SAHA
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibits class I and II HDACs by binding to the Zn2+ chelation center in the enzyme and affects processes that lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis .However, in Phase II studies, SAHA has demonstrated little to no efficacy either alone or in combination with standard anti-cancer treatments. Several factors may cause the lack of HDAC response including low stability in the blood stream (two-hour elimination half-life) and an inability to accumulate adequate concentrations at the tumor site, a combination of increased drug efflux pump activity and low tumor penetration. Furthermore, the pharmacology of SAHA is particularly complex as it can act as an enzyme inducer following repeated dosing, increasing HDAC levels and may modify its own kinetics.
  • 576
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Oxytocin System in the Brain
Research on oxytocin (OT) was pioneered in the 1920s by German anatomist Ernst Scharrer, after he identified unusual, large-shaped “glandule-like” cells in the hypothalamus of fish. A full anatomical, morphological and functional assessment would follow in the next 50 years, complemented by the Nobel-prize awarded for the synthesis of OT to Vincent du Vigneaud in 1955.
  • 575
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Connexins and cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that acts as a second messenger in mediating intracellular signal transduction.
  • 573
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Physiological and Molecular Differences in SMA NSCs
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult nervous tissue were among the last to be identified and isolated in a living organism. While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency have recently approved new drugs to treat spinal muscular atrophy 1 (SMA1) in young patients, they are mostly ineffective in older patients since many motor neurons have already been lost. Therefore, understanding nervous system (NS) physiology in SMA patients is essential.
  • 573
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Two Faces of Vitamin C: AA vs. DHA
Historically, vitamin C has been associated with many regulatory processes that involve specific signaling pathways. Among the most studied signaling pathways are those involved in the regulation of aging, differentiation, neurotransmission, proliferation, and cell death processes in cancer. This wide variety of regulatory effects is due to the fact that vitamin C has a dual mechanism of action. The reduced form of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is an essential micronutrient of small size; it is soluble in water and has two dissociable protons with pKa values of 4.2 and 11.8. At physiological pH, its reduced form predominates as the monovalent ascorbate anion (AA); when it loses the second proton, it is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA).
  • 572
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
P2X7 Variants
The human P2X7 gene is highly polymorphic, and several splice variants of the receptor have been identified in time. P2X7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been broadly analyzed by studies relating them to pathologies as different as infectious, inflammatory, nervous, and bone diseases, among which cancer is included. Moreover, in the last years, an increasing number of reports concentrated on P2X7 splice variants’ different roles and their implications in pathological conditions, including oncogenesis. Our article on P2X7 variants in oncogenesis recently published in Cells gives an overview of established and recent literature demonstrating a role for human P2X7 gene products in oncological conditions. Here you find the main structural information on P2X7 variants.
  • 572
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
PPARs in Cancer Stromal Cells
Most anticancer therapies target malignant cancer cells while largely ignoring the surrounding noncancer cell components of the tumor or TME. The TME or tumor stroma comprises nonmalignant host cellular and acellular components, including, but not limited to, fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, fat cells, and noncellular components of the tumor niche such as the basement membrane and ECM. Although most normal host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the stroma will change during malignancy, causing the tumor stromal cells to confer pro- or anti-tumor properties in a context- and cell type-dependent manner. Over the past decades, the role of the TME in determining every aspect of cancer progression and the efficacy of treatment has become evident. The functions of PPARs in these stromal cells are increasingly appreciated and have direct or indirect impacts on cancer progression.
  • 572
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Homeostasis
Mitochondria are essential organelles and crucial for cellular survival. Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy are dynamic features that are essential for both maintaining the health of the mitochondrial network and cellular demands. The accumulation of damaged mitochondria has been shown to be related to a wide range of pathologies ranging from neurological to musculoskeletal.
  • 571
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cell Therapies in Acute Kidney Injury
The incidence of renal disease is gradually increasing worldwide, and this condition has become a major public health problem because it is a trigger for many other chronic diseases. Cell therapies using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic stem cells, macrophages, and other cell types have been used to induce regeneration and provide a cure for acute and chronic kidney disease in experimental models. 
  • 571
  • 18 Jan 2023
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