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Topic Review
Spondylocostal Dysostosis (SCDO)
Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCDO) is a rare heritable congenital condition, characterized by multiple severe malformations of the vertebrae and ribs.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Spleen Reparative Regeneration
The spleen is the largest lymphoid unpaired parenchymal organ of the abdominal cavity found in all vertebrates. Spleen is able to regenerate, though not necessarily to the initial volume. The recovery lasts one month and preserves the architecture, albeit with an increase in the relative volume of lymphoid follicles. The renovated tissues, however, exhibit skewed functional profiles; notably, the decreased production of antibodies and the low cytotoxic activity of T cells, consistent with the decline of T-dependent zones and prolonged reduction in T cell numbers. Autotransplantations of splenic material are of particular clinical interest, as the procedure can possibly mitigate the development of post-splenectomy syndrome. Under these conditions, regeneration lasts 1-2 months, depending on the species. The transplants effectively destroy senescent erythrocytes, assist in microbial clearance, and produce antibodies, thus averting sepsis and bacterial pneumonia. Meanwhile, cellular sources of splenic recovery in such models remain obscure, as well as the time required for T and B cell number re-constitution.
  • 731
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Spinal Cord Repair
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition, often leading to severe motor, sensory, or autonomic nervous dysfunction. Spinal Cord Repair is to promote spinal cord tissue regeneration and functional recovery through regenerative medicine. 
  • 334
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. Its pathophysiology comprises acute and chronic phases and incorporates a cascade of destructive events such as ischemia, oxidative stress, inflammatory events, apoptotic pathways and locomotor dysfunctions. This review aims to promote the understanding of SCI pathophysiology, interrelated or interlinked multimolecular interactions and various methods of neuronal recovery i.e., neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and neuro-regenerative pathways and relevant approaches. 
  • 4.1K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sphingolipids in Viral Infections
Sphingolipids (SLs) are highly abundant components of cellular membranes and as such, are essentially involved in their biophysical and signaling properties. A complex metabolic network consisting of enzymes catalyzing their synthesis, modification (phosphorylation, glycosylation) and breakdown regulates accumulation of sphingolipid species and thereby the sphingolipid pool at rheostat conditions, and this can undergo substantial changes in response to metabolic and external challenges. This has been excellently reviewedand will therefore just be briefly re-iterated below.
  • 463
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sphingolipid Homeostasis
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous components of cellular membranes that exert various functions depending on their structural maturation and subcellular localization. Structurally simple sphingolipid precursors, such as ceramides, act as intracellular signaling molecules in many processes, including apoptosis, whereas mature and complex forms of sphingolipids are important structural components of the plasma membrane. Supplying complex sphingolipids to the plasma membrane while simultaneously preventing the accumulation of pro-apoptotic metabolites is essential for cell survival and depends on mechanisms that tightly control sphingolipid synthesis, breakdown, transport, and storage. Sphingolipid homeostasis describes the state of the cell in which the intracellular concentration and distribution of sphingolipids supports survival. 
  • 462
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Spatiotemporal Distribution of VPS13A in the Mouse Brain
Loss-of-function mutations in the human vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog A (VPS13A) gene cause Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc). As very little is known about the VPS13A expression in the brain, The main objective of this work was to assess for the first time the spatiotemporal distribution of VPS13A in the mouse brain. Understanding the distinct expression pattern of VPS13A provides relevant information to unravel pathophysiological hallmarks of ChAc.
  • 328
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Soy Isoflavones in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
A possible link between diet and cancer has long been considered, with growing interest in phytochemicals. Soy isoflavones have been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in Asian populations. Of the soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in particular, have been studied, but recently, equol as a derivative has gained interest because it is more biologically potent. Different mechanisms of action have already been studied for the different isoflavones in multiple conditions, such as breast, gastrointestinal, and urogenital cancers. Many of these mechanisms of action could also be demonstrated in the prostate, both in vitro and in vivo. 
  • 259
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
SOS Family and Ras-GEFs
The SOS family of Ras-GEFs encompasses two highly homologous and widely expressed members, SOS1 and SOS2. Despite their similar structures and expression patterns, early studies of constitutive KO mice showing that SOS1-KO mutants were embryonic lethal while SOS2-KO mice were viable led to initially viewing SOS1 as the main Ras-GEF linking external stimuli to downstream RAS signaling, while obviating the functional significance of SOS2. Subsequently, different genetic and/or pharmacological ablation tools defined more precisely the functional specificity/redundancy of the SOS1/2 GEFs.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Somatic Polyploidy
Somatic polyploidy was found in the tissues of all multicellular organisms (including algae, mosses, lichens, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates), which points to its adaptive value. In human and warm-blooded animals, polyploidy can be a part of normal postnatal morphogenetic programs and can be a manifestation of response to pathological stimuli and diseases.
  • 552
  • 11 Apr 2022
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