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Topic Review
Nanoengineering to Modulate Macrophage Polarization
Modulation of macrophage plasticity is emerging as a successful strategy in tissue engineering (TE) to control the immune response elicited by the implanted material. Indeed, one major determinant of success in regenerating tissues and organs is to achieve the correct balance between immune pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution players. In recent years, nanoparticle-mediated macrophage polarization towards the pro- or anti-inflammatory subtypes is gaining increasing interest in the biomedical field. In TE, despite significant progress in the use of nanomaterials, the full potential of nanoparticles as effective immunomodulators has not yet been completely realized. This work discusses the contribution that bioactive inorganic nanoparticles may give to TE applications, helping native or synthetic scaffolds to direct macrophage polarization for skeletal muscle regeneration. 
  • 746
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanoencapsulation of Essential Oils
Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds that originate from different plant tissues, including flowers, buds, leaves and bark. According to their chemical composition, EOs have a characteristic aroma and present a wide spectrum of applications. However, EOs are unstable and easily degradable if not protected from external factors such as oxidation, heat and light. Therefore, there is growing interest in the encapsulation of EOs, since polymeric nanocarriers serve as a barrier between the oil and the environment. In this context, nanoencapsulation seems to be an interesting approach as it not only prevents the exposure and degradation of EOs and their bioactive constituents by creating a physical barrier, but it also facilitates their controlled release, thus resulting in greater bioavailability and efficiency.
  • 987
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanoencapsulated Phase-Change Materials
Phase-change materials (PCMs) are becoming more widely acknowledged as essential elements in thermal energy storage, greatly aiding the pursuit of lower building energy consumption and the achievement of net-zero energy goals. PCMs are frequently constrained by their subpar heat conductivity, despite their expanding importance. 
  • 530
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanodiamonds Synthesis Techniques
The "state-of-the-art" of the nanodiamonds synthesis techniques is reviewed with emphasis on the more recent one involving pulsed laser ablation. Production of NV centers inside the nanodiamonds and  post-production cleaning processes to remove residual graphite layers are also described.
  • 3.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanocrystals in Brain Delivery
Nanocrystalline drug technology involves the reduction in the bulk particle size down to the nanosize range, thus modifying its physico-chemical properties with beneficial effects on drug bioavailability. Nanocrystals (NCs) are carrier-free drug particles surrounded by a stabilizer and suspended in an aqueous medium. The aim of brain drug targeting is the delivery of therapeutics crossing or bypassing the barriers that protect the brain from the entry of foreign substances. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides both anatomical and physiological protection for the CNS. Drug delivery by nanotechnological formulations could promote brain targeting by different transport mechanisms, including the paracellular pathway, the transcellular pathway, the carrier-mediated pathway, receptor-mediated transcytosis and adsorptive transcytosis. 
  • 354
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanocrystalline Layer
It was demonstrated that the mechanical shot peening (MSP) technique was a viable way to obtain a nanocrystalline layer on a large size pure titanium plate due to the MSP provided for severe plastic deformation (SPD) of surface high velocity balls impacting. The MSP effects of various durations in producing the surface nanocrystalline layer was characterized by optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Vickers micro-hardness tester. The results showed that the thickness of the SPD layer gradually increased with the MSP processing time increase, but saturated at 230 μm after 30 min. The average grain size was refined to about 18.48 nm in the nanocrystalline layer. There was equiaxed grain morphology with random crystallographic orientation in the topmost surface. By comparing with the nanocrystalline layer, acquired by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT), the microstructure and properties of the nanocrystalline layer acquired by MSP was evidently superior to that of the SMAT, but the production time was cut to about a quarter of the time used for the SMAT method.
  • 737
  • 15 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanocrystalline Doped Diamond for Photocatalytic
Nitrogen impurity has been introduced in diamond film to produce a nitrogen vacancy center (NV center) toward the solvated electron-initiated reduction of N2 to NH3 in liquids, giving rise to extend the wavelength region beyond the diamond’s band. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction demonstrate the formation of the nanocrystalline nitrogen-doped diamond with an average diameter of ten nanometers. Raman spectroscopy and PhotoLuminescence (PL) spectrum show characteristics of the NV0 and NV− charge states. Measurements of photocatalytic activity using supraband (λ < 225 nm) gap and sub-band gap (λ > 225 nm) excitation show the nitrogen-doped diamond significantly enhanced the ability to reduce N2 to NH3 compared to the polycrystalline diamond and single crystal diamond (SCD). Our results suggest an important process of internal photoemission, in which electrons are excited from negative charge states into conduction band edges, presenting remarkable photoinitiated electrons under ultraviolet and visible light. Other factors, including transitions between defect levels and processes of reaction, are also discussed. This approach can be especially advantageous to such as N2 and CO2 that bind only weakly to most surfaces and high energy conditions.
  • 770
  • 16 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanocomposites: Brief Overview
Nanocomposites are composite materials consisting of nanoscale building blocks and a matrix. Nanocomposites are materials composed of a polymer matrix reinforced with nanoparticles, typically with dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. These nanoparticles can be made of various materials, such as metals, ceramics, and carbon-based materials, and they can be dispersed uniformly throughout the polymer matrix They have unique properties that make them useful in a wide range of applications, including water remediation, energy storage and conversion, packaging, sensors, biomedicine, environmental monitoring, and coatings. The properties of nanocomposites can be tailored by controlling the size, shape, and composition of the nanoscale building blocks and the matrix material. Some of the key properties of nanocomposites include high surface area-to-volume ratio, improved mechanical properties, enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity, improved barrier properties, and biocompatibility. The study of nanocomposites is a rapidly growing field with many exciting opportunities for new and improved applications.These articles provide a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, structure, properties, and applications of nanocomposites, including their use in water remediation.
  • 608
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Nanocomposites of Ferrites with TiO2 , SiO2 
Ferrites are important magnetic materials used in electronic devices. Nanocomposites of ferrites with TiO2 has gained interest due to its unique advantages, such as high chemical stability, surface-active sites, high specific surface area, non-toxicity, excellent optical properties, and tunable porosity.
  • 284
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensors
The elevated concentrations of various trace metals beyond existing guideline recommendations in water bodies have promoted research on the development of various electrochemical nanosensors for the trace metals’ early detection. Inspired by the exciting physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials, advanced functional nanocomposites with improved sensitivity, sensitivity and stability, amongst other performance parameters, have been synthesized, characterized, and applied on the detection of various trace metals in water matrices.
  • 713
  • 18 Feb 2021
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