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Topic Review
Optically Transparent Bamboo
As environmental concerns and the desire to establish a sustainable civilization become more urgent, bamboo has been identified as a potential replacement for materials based on non-renewable resources. There are about 1500 species of bamboo and 36 million hectares of bamboo planting area widely distributed across America, Asia, and Africa. Indeed, bamboo is an important forest resource, having a higher yield, more rapid growth rate, and better mechanical properties than wood, as well as a high aspect ratio and excellent biodegradability. In terms of growth rate, bamboo has a short growth cycle of 3–5 years, whereas wood has a growth cycle of 20–60 years. Furthermore, single bamboo fiber has average tensile strength and modulus of 1.6 GPa and 33 GPa, respectively, which is significantly higher than other known natural fibers, such as cotton, coir, henequen, and ramie. Bamboo has been widely used to fabricate various structural composites, including bamboo scrimber composites, laminated bamboo lumber, and bamboo-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites.
  • 389
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Optical Waveguide Layers Fabrication Methods
Several eye-catching techniques have been developed to implement high-quality optical thin films for light-guiding applications. Thin films are the foundation for innovative technologies in various areas, including optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, and energy storage devices. The morphology and reliability of thin films are critical issues in all applications. Deposition techniques have a major influence on thin-film morphology. Physical and chemical deposition methods can be used to deposit high-quality thin films. A thin film is a thin layer of material with a thickness ranging from a few nm to a few μm. Thin films, like all materials, are classified as amorphous or polycrystalline based on the preparation conditions and the quality of the target material. Glass WGs display highly attractive properties due to the straightforward technology, the low propagation losses, and the flexible index matching to glass fibers. It is highly desirable to have low-loss glasses, reliable and enabling low-cost WG fabrication procedures. An overall requirement is that manufacturing technologies are proficient in high yield, and have guaranteed duplicability within the quantified tolerances, and fundamentally low operating costs.
  • 526
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Optical Sensing Applications of Metal Nanoparticles
Plasmonics deals with the free electron vibrations in metal nanostructures, and the interaction of such vibrations with atoms and molecules to create optical nanodevices. A surface plasmon is a collective oscillation of free electrons on the metal surface when the real part of the metal dielectric constant is negative. If the electromagnetic wave is coupled to collective electron oscillations, a surface plasmon wave is induced and propagates along the metal surface, and the electric field in the normal direction to the metal surface is nonradiative and strongly localized at the metal surface. An important phenomenon in plasmonics is the strong spatial localization of electron oscillations at a plasmon resonance frequency. This strong localization leads to a huge increase in the local electric and magnetic fields. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is the collective oscillation of free electrons like that of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). 
  • 393
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Optical Properties of OPEs
Oligophenylene ethynylenes, known as OPEs, are a sequence of aromatic rings linked by triple bonds, the properties of which can be modulated by varying the length of the rigid main chain or/and the nature and position of the substituents on the aromatic units. They are luminescent molecules with high quantum yields and can be designed to enter a cell and act as antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, as biocompatible fluorescent probes directed towards target organelles in living cells, as labelling agents, as selective sensors for the detection of fibrillar and prefibrillar amyloid in the proteic field and in a fluorescence turn-on system for the detection of saccharides, as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (due to their capacity to highly induce toxicity after light activation), and as drug delivery systems.
  • 563
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Optical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), also known as carbon dots (CDs), are novel zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials. CQDs have attracted enormous attention around the world because of their excellent optical properties as well as water solubility, biocompatibility, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and simple synthesis routes. CQDs have numerous applications in bioimaging, biosensing, chemical sensing, nanomedicine, solar cells, drug delivery, and light-emitting diodes.
  • 794
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Optical Polymer-Based Sensors in Environmental and Biological Systems
Polymers are widely used in many areas, but often their individual properties are not sufficient for use in certain applications. One of the solutions is the creation of polymer-based composites and nanocomposites. In such materials, in order to improve their properties, nanoscale particles (at least in one dimension) are dispersed in the polymer matrix. These properties include increased mechanical strength and durability, the ability to create a developed inner surface, adjustable thermal and electrical conductivity, and many others. The materials created can have a wide range of applications, such as biomimetic materials and technologies, smart materials, renewable energy sources, packaging, etc.
  • 466
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Optical Imaging-Guided Nanotheranostics
Nanomedicine involves the use of nanotechnology for clinical applications and holds promise to improve treatments. Recent developments offer new hope for cancer detection, prevention and treatment; however, being a heterogenous disorder, cancer calls for a more targeted treatment approach. Nanotheranostics comprise a combination of therapy and diagnostic imaging incorporated in a nanosystem and are developed to fulfill the promise of personalized medicine (PM) by helping in the selection of treatments, the objective monitoring of response and the planning of follow-up therapy. Although well-established imaging techniques, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), are primarily used in the development of theranostics, Optical Imaging (OI) offers some advantages, such as high sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and less invasiveness.
  • 421
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Optical Imaging for Nature of Cytosolic Iron Pools
The chemical nature of intracellular labile iron pools (LIPs) is described. By virtue of the kinetic lability of these pools, it is suggested that the isolation of such species by chromatography methods will not be possible, but rather mass spectrometric techniques should be adopted. Iron-sensitive fluorescent probes, which have been developed for the detection and quantification of LIP, are described, including those specifically designed to monitor cytosolic, mitochondrial, and lysosomal LIPs. The potential of near-infrared (NIR) probes for in vivo monitoring of LIP is discussed.
  • 218
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Optical Imaging and Phototherapy
Theranostics is a key hallmark of cancer nanomedicine since it allows diagnosis and therapy of both primary and metastatic cancer using a single nanoprobe. 
  • 490
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Optical Fiber-Integrated Metasurfaces
The advent of metasurface technology has revolutionized the field of optics and photonics in recent years due to its capability of engineering optical wavefronts with well-patterned nanostructures at the subwavelength scale. Meanwhile, inspired and benefited from the tremendous success of the “lab-on-fiber” concept, the integration of metasurface with optical fibers, due to its powerful function of light manipulation and shaping in the 2D version, has drawn particular interest, which truly establishes a novel technological platform for the development of “all-in-fiber" metasurface-based devices.
  • 902
  • 06 Apr 2022
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