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Topic Review
Alcohol
In chemistry, alcohol is an organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl functional group (−OH) bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members, includes all compounds for which the general formula is CnH2n+1OH. Simple monoalcohols that are the subject of this article include primary (RCH2OH), secondary (R2CHOH) and tertiary (R3COH) alcohols. The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority. When a higher priority group is present in the compound, the prefix hydroxy- is used in its IUPAC name. The suffix -ol in non-IUPAC names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance is an alcohol. However, many substances that contain hydroxyl functional groups (particularly sugars, such as glucose and sucrose) have names which include neither the suffix -ol, nor the prefix hydroxy-.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide
Graphene oxide (GO) is a chemical compound with a form similar to graphene that consists of one-atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp2-bonded carbon. Graphene oxide exhibits high hydrophilicity and dispersibility. Thus, it is difficult to be separated from aqueous solutions. Therefore, functionalization with magnetic nanoparticles is performed in order to prepare a magnetic GO nanocomposite that combines the sufficient adsorption capacity of graphene oxide and the convenience of magnetic separation. Moreover, the magnetic material can be further functionalized with different groups to prevent aggregation and extends its potential application. Until today, a plethora of magnetic GO hybrid materials have been synthesized and successfully employed for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of organic compounds from environmental, agricultural, biological, and food samples. The developed GO nanocomposites exhibit satisfactory stability in aqueous solutions, as well as sufficient surface area. Thus, they are considered as an alternative to conventional sorbents by enriching the analytical toolbox for the analysis of trace organic compounds.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Monounsaturated Fat
In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fatty acids (abbreviated MUFAs, or more plainly monounsaturated fats) are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain with all of the remainder carbon atoms being single-bonded. By contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have more than one double bond.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Copper Biological Active Complexes
Very few biological active Cu(II) complexes entered in clinical trials as result of poor water solubility and lipophilicity, low stability as well as in vivo inactivation. Their pharmacological and/or oral administration profile can be improved either by physically encapsulation or by conjugation to an organic matrix via a moiety able to coordinate Cu(II). As result, a large variety of species were developed as delivery carriers such as liposomes, synthetic or natural polymers or dendrimers.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Clinoptilolite Characterization and EDS Analysis
Zeolites are materials of biomedical interest, in particular owing to their ability to remove metabolic products such as uremic toxins (i.e., urea, uric acid, creatinine, p-cresol, and indoxul sulfate); they are used for the regeneration of dialysis solutions and as in vivo membranes for artificial kidney. Zeolites have further important applications in the biomedical field, in fact they are used as hemostats (due to their ability to absorb water), antiseptics (when modified with silver or zinc ions), carriers for drugs and genes (adjuvant in vaccines), glucose absorbers, etc. Here, EDS microanalysis in the study of a sample of natural clinoptilolite is reported. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Interfacial Polymerization Techniques for TFC/TFN
Here, we review various novel/modified interfacial polymerization (IP) techniques for the fabrication of polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC)/thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes in both pressure-driven and osmotically driven separation processes. Although conventional IP technique is the dominant technology for the fabrication of commercial nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, it is plagued with issues of low membrane permeability, relatively thick PA layer and susceptibility to fouling, which limit the performance. Over the past decade, we have seen a significant growth in scientific publications related to the novel/modified IP techniques used in fabricating advanced PA-TFC/TFN membranes for various water applications. Novel/modified IP lab-scale studies have consistently, so far, yielded promising results compared to membranes made by conventional IP technique, in terms of better filtration efficiency (increased permeability without compensating solute rejection), improved chemical properties (crosslinking degree), reduced surface roughness and the perfect embedment of nanomaterials within selective layers. Furthermore, several new IP techniques can precisely control the thickness of the PA layer at sub-10 nm and significantly reduce the usage of chemicals.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose Nanomaterials
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable source on Earth. Due to several of their characteristics, such as their renewability, sustainability, and eco-friendliness, nanocellulose-based materials are arousing growing interest from researchers in various fields of study and applications. 
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Application of electrospun nanocomposites on removal of harmful substances
Nanomaterials and nanotechnology will undoubtedly become core materials and technologies in advanced materials and technologies. In recent years, nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been widely used in environmental restoration due to their low cost, high efficiency, and other advantages. In this study, the high-performance polyurethane/rare earth (PU/RE) composite nanomaterials were fabricated via electrospinning. The electrospun nanomaterials for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air was thoroughly investigated. The PU nanofiber containing 50 wt. % RE powder had the smallest fiber diameter of 356 nm; it also showed the highest VOC absorption capacity compared with other composite membranes, having an absorption capacity about three times greater than pure PU nanofibers.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hot dip galvanizing
Hot-dip galvanizing is one of the most effective methods of protecting steel against corrosion. It allows one to obtain good quality coatings, ensuring long-term protection with relatively low operating costs of the coatings.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Inverse Design for Silicon Photonics
Silicon photonics enables massive fabrication of integrated photonic devices at low cost, due to its compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. It has emerged as one of the most important technologies for data communication and computations, as integrated electronic circuits are reaching their limits as well as incurring high energy costs. Recently, it has also shown the potential for other applications such as sensing and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). For miscellaneous silicon photonic devices, their versatile functions mainly come from design of device geometry. Intuitively, the design of single component with specific function is fulfilled by physics-based methods like analytical models, prior practical experiences and scientific intuitions. However, the physics-based methods are laborious and have high requirements on designers’ experience. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of light-material interaction with complicated geometries has to rely on numerical electromagnetic (EM) simulations, as the computation for irregular geometry is often non-intuitive. To make the design process more efficient, inverse design approaches have been introduced, which are assisted by various iterative optimization methods and deep neural networks (DNNs).
  • 1.5K
  • 11 May 2021
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