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Topic Review
Valuable Organic Acids
A ruminant-based carboxylate platform based on mixed or undefined anaerobic co-cultures of rumen microorganisms can convert the carbohydrate polymers in the lignocellulosic part of organic waste streams to carboxylic acids that can be upgraded to biofuels or green chemicals.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Structure and Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites
There has been a strong emphasis on the development of polymer nanocomposites, where at least one of the dimensions of the filler material is of the order of a nanometer. Polymer nanocomposites are fundamentally different from traditional filled polymers because of the immense internal interfacial area and the nanoscopic nature of the nanomaterials. The new multifunctional properties derived from the nano-structure of nanocomposites provide an opportunity to circumvent the traditional properties associated with traditional composites. Numerous examples can be found in the literature that show significant improvements in multifunctional properties of the nanocomposites and this new class materials now being introduced in structural applications, such as gas barrier film, flame retardant product, and other load-bearing applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electroactive Materials Based on TEMPO
The redox-active TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl) fragment is a popular component of organic energy storage and catalytic systems as its benefits include remarkable electrochemical performance and decent physical properties. TEMPO is a verstile compound that finds its use in various chemical and biological systems, and is also known to be an efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation, oxygen reduction, and various complex organic reactions. It can be attached to various aliphatic and conductive polymers to form energy storage compounds for organic batteries or high-loading catalysis systems. The performance and efficiency of TEMPO-containing materials strongly depend on the molecular structure, and thus rational design of such compounds is vital for successful implementation.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bio-catalysis in Multicomponent Reactions
Enzyme catalysis is a very active research area in organic chemistry, because biocatalysts are compatible with and can be adjusted to many reaction conditions, as well as substrates. Their integration in multicomponent reactions (MCRs) allows for simple protocols to be implemented in the diversity-oriented synthesis of complex molecules in chemo-, regio-, stereoselective or even specific modes without the need for the protection/deprotection of functional groups.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Synthesis of Anticancer Polyaromatic Compounds
Bimal Krishna Banik Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA; Email: bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa Synthesis of several polycyclic aromatic compounds is described. Some of these agents have demonstrated selective anticancer activities in vitro and in animal model. Preliminary mechanistic investigations about the cause of bioactivity are also performed.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Electric Noise Spectroscopy
Electric noise spectroscopy is a non-destructive and a very sensitive method for studying the dynamic behaviors of the charge carriers and the kinetic processes in several condensed matter systems, with no limitation on operating temperatures. This technique has been extensively used to investigate several perovskite compounds, manganese oxides (La1−xSrxMnO3, La0.7Ba0.3MnO3, and Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3), and a double perovskite (Sr2FeMoO6), whose properties have recently attracted great attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Benzodiazepine Overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose describes the ingestion of one of the drugs in the benzodiazepine class in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced. The most common symptoms of overdose include central nervous system (CNS) depression, impaired balance, ataxia, and slurred speech. Severe symptoms include coma and respiratory depression. Supportive care is the mainstay of treatment of benzodiazepine overdose. There is an antidote, flumazenil, but its use is controversial. Deaths from single-drug benzodiazepine overdoses occur infrequently, particularly after the point of hospital admission. However, combinations of high doses of benzodiazepines with alcohol, barbiturates, opioids or tricyclic antidepressants are particularly dangerous, and may lead to severe complications such as coma or death. In 2013, benzodiazepines were involved in 31% of the estimated 22,767 deaths from prescription drug overdose in the United States. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has subsequently issued a black box warning regarding concurrent use of benzodiazepines and opioids. Benzodiazepines are one of the most highly prescribed classes of drugs, and they are commonly used in self-poisoning. Over 10 years in the United Kingdom, 1512 fatal poisonings have been attributed to benzodiazepines with or without alcohol. Temazepam was shown to be more toxic than the majority of benzodiazepines. An Australian (1995) study found oxazepam less toxic and less sedative, and temazepam more toxic and more sedative, than most benzodiazepines in overdose.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TiO2 Microscale Structures
TiO2 microscale structures can be prepared from both TiO2 precursors and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). TiO2 microscale structures have many advantages compared to TiO2 NPs powders, such as tunable structure, higher photocatalytic activity, and ease of recovery. For TiO2 microscale structures, solid spheres and hollow spheres share some similar synthesis methods. However, microscale TiO2 microscale structures are not easily mass-produced due to the complexity of the synthesis process.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Modification of the Surface of Wood with Plasma
Wood modification is an excellent and increasingly used method to expand the application of woody materials. Traditional methods, such as chemical or thermal, have been developed for the targeted improvement of some selected properties, unfortunately typically at the expense of others. These methods generally alter the composition of wood, and thus its mechanical properties, and enhance dimensional stability, water resistance, or decrease its susceptibility to microorganisms. Although conventional methods achieve the desired properties, they require a lot of energy and chemicals, therefore research is increasingly moving towards more environmentally friendly processes. The advantage of modern methods is that in most cases, they only modify the surface and do not affect the structure and mechanical properties of the wood, while reducing the amount of chemicals used. Cold plasma surface treatment is one of the cheapest and easiest technologies with a limited burden on the environment
  • 1.0K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides artificially obtained from the union of glucose monomers linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. They are shaped as truncated cones due to the constitutional asymmetry of the glucopyranose rings. Their central cavity of the cone is lined with the skeletal carbons and ethereal oxygen of the glucose residues, which produce a hydrophobic zone that is capable of forming inclusion complexes with a variety of molecules. For this reason, a number of CDs have become everyday commodities in separation sciences, and so chemical aspects such as their structures or their intercalation mode have been more profoundly studied. The structural aspects of CDs can enable the improvement of different chromatographic separations, the enhancement of sensitivity, and the accuracy of analytical methods. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jan 2021
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