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Topic Review
Aurivillius-Phase Bi4Ti3O12-nBiFeO3 Materials
Aurivillius-type layered compound have attracted increasing research interest, especially in recent 20 years, due to their promising electrical properties as new lead-free piezoelectric materials operating at high temperatures. For instance, the well-known Bi4Ti3O12, presents large spontaneous polarization, anisotropy and high ferroelectric Curie temperature and have wide applications in the electronic industry, capacitors, transducers, nonvolatile ferroelectric memories, piezoelectric sensors and optical devices. To increase functionality of Bi4Ti3O12 modification with BiFeO3 is very promising, which is also a methodology for constructing single-phase multiferroics in which ferrelectricity and magnetic ordering are coupled near room temperature. Combining these two materials exhibiting different physical performances one can create a kind of novel materials and thus achieve functionality. Herein, we summarized the recent progress in the field of synthesis of BFTO-n materials with various architectures and highlighted their extraordinary properties for promising applications in the electronic industry, quantum devices, capacitors, transducers, microwave absorbers, catalysts and photoelectric devices. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Aurones
Aurones are part of the wide family of polyphenols. More specifically, they may be acknowledged as the lower structural counterparts of the best-known flavones, a subclass of flavonoids.
  • 705
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Austenite in Advanced High Strength Steels
Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) are developed to reduce vehicle weight without sacrificing passenger safety. The newly developed AHSS frequently incorporates the austenite as the intrinsic component with large amount and good stability, which is realized by carefully designed alloying elements and thermo-mechanical processing. 
  • 515
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Austenite Stability
The austenite stability represents the potential of metastable austenite grains in resisting the martensitic phase transformation under an applied either thermal or mechanical driving force. 
  • 2.5K
  • 18 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Autophagy Modulators
Autophagy modulation is considered to be a promising programmed cell death mechanism to prevent and cure a great number of disorders and diseases. The crucial step in designing an effective therapeutic approach is to understand the correct and accurate causes of diseases and to understand whether autophagy plays a cytoprotective or cytotoxic/cytostatic role in the progression and prevention of disease. This knowledge will help scientists find approaches to manipulate tumor and pathologic cells in order to enhance cellular sensitivity to therapeutics and treat them. Although some conventional therapeutics suffer from poor solubility, bioavailability and controlled release mechanisms, it appears that novel nanoplatforms overcome these obstacles and have led to the design of a theranostic-controlled drug release system with high solubility and active targeting and stimuli-responsive potentials.
  • 666
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Available Sampling Methods for Plastic Waste
Given the rapid development of plastics recycling in recent years, the need for guidelines for sampling and material characterization is steadily emerging. However, there still exists a considerable scarcity of methods that enable proper material data acquisition. It was found that neither the literature nor the standards provide a comprehensive practice that considers the distinctive characteristics of plastic waste and applies it to different situations along the value chain. Two variants of the proposed plan were evaluated based on the flake size distribution and the apparent density of four different pretreated polyolefin (PO) waste materials. Combining stratified random sampling with composite sampling yields a good sampling technique for rigid PO waste. Moreover, the analysis of a composite sample adequately conveys the true material properties of a sublot or lot.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Aviptadil
Aviptadil is an injectable synthetic formulation of human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP was discovered in 1970, and has been used to treat various inflammatory conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • 430
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Azeotropes for Waste Recovery
Aiming for more sustainable chemical production requires an urgent shift towards synthetic approaches designed for waste minimization. In this context the use of azeotropes can be an effective tool for “recycling” and minimizing the large volumes of solvents, especially in aqueous mixtures, used. This review discusses the implementation of different kinds of azeotropic mixtures in relation to the environmental and economic benefits linked to their recovery and re-use. Examples of the use of azeotropes playing a role in the process performance and in the purification steps maximizing yields while minimizing waste. 
  • 598
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aβ Detection by Electrochemical Sensors
Alzheimer’s disease has taken the spotlight as a neurodegenerative disease which has caused crucial issues to both society and the economy. Specifically, aging populations in developed countries face an increasingly serious problem due to the increasing budget for patient care and an inadequate labor force, and therefore a solution is urgently needed. Diverse techniques for the detection of Alzheimer’s biomarkers have been researched and developed to support early diagnosis and treatment. Among them, electrochemical biosensors and electrode modification proved their effectiveness in the detection of the Aβ biomarker at appropriately low concentrations for practice and point-of-care application. 
  • 193
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Backbone Chain
In polymer science, the backbone chain of a polymer is the longest series of covalently bonded atoms that together create the continuous chain of the molecule. This science is subdivided into the study of organic polymers, which consist of a carbon backbone, and inorganic polymers which have backbones containing only main group elements. In biochemistry, organic backbone chains make up the primary structure of macromolecules. The backbones of these biological macromolecules consist of central chains of covalently bonded atoms. The characteristics and order of the monomer residues in the backbone make a map for the complex structure of biological polymers (see Biomolecular structure). The backbone is, therefore, directly related to biological molecules’ function. The macromolecules within the body can be divided into four main subcategories, each of which are involved in very different and important biological processes: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each of these molecules has a different backbone and consists of different monomers each with distinctive residues and functionalities. This is the driving factor of their different structures and functions in the body. Although lipids have a "backbone," they are not true biological polymers as their backbone is a three carbon molecule, glycerol, with longer substituent "side chains." For this reason, only proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids should be considered as biological macromolecules with polymeric backbones.
  • 2.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
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