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Topic Review
Precipitation
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the process of transforming a dissolved substance into an insoluble solid from a super-saturated solution. The solid formed is called the precipitate. In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant. The clear liquid remaining above the precipitated or the centrifuged solid phase is also called the 'supernate' or 'supernatant'. The notion of precipitation can also be extended to other domains of chemistry (organic chemistry and biochemistry) and even be applied to the solid phases (e.g., metallurgy and alloys) when solid impurities segregate from a solid phase.
  • 758
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Organic Anode Materials
Redox-active organic anode materials are endowed with obvious advantages, such as low cost, structural diversity, environmental friendliness, outstanding flexibility in their molecular design, low weight, and higher theoretical capacity, which can meet the rising demand for the energy density of next-generation battery systems. In contrast to inorganic compounds, organic materials are mainly composed of such chemical elements that are widely distributed in nature (e.g., C, H, O, N, S). 
  • 757
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Application of MXenes Material for Sensors
MXenes are a class of 2D early transition nitride, metal carbides, and carbonitrides that are created by the group that selectively etches IIIA/IVA elements from three-dimensional (3D) MAX -phases. MXenes, a rising star of 2D materials, are unique in that they combine the hydrophilicity of their terminating surfaces with the metallic conductivity of transition metal carbonitrides or carbides. Because of its unusual accordion-like structure and the functional groups that are added to the surface during their synthesis, MXenes have enticing electrical, optical, and magnetic properties that can be used for sensing, energy storage, and electromagnetic shielding.
  • 756
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Metal-Organic-Frameworks: Low Temperature Gas Sensing
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous coordination polymers (PCPs), are crystalline frameworks with open porosity and are composed of metal nodes and organic linkers. Over the last two decades, numerous compounds have been synthesised by changing the metal ions and organic ligands to produce materials with exceptional properties, including large surface area (surface areas more than 1,000 m2g−1), adjustable pore size, and tunable functional groups. The manifold approaches for MOF synthesis, including the most versatile and widely used solvothermal methods, and recently realised green approaches, such as solvent-free mechanochemical routes, are making the process of preparing high-quality MOF-based materials easier and more environmentally friendly.
  • 756
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Electrospun Nanofibers for Skin Tissue Engineering
Surface modification of electrospun products has been an attractive method for increasing multifunctionality and biocompatibility properties. 
  • 756
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Silicon Integrated Photonics Technologies for Sensing Applications
Silicon (Si) photonics has emerged as one of the most viable technical platforms for manufacturing a range of functional optical components because of the fast advances in technology over the last decade. Si photonics exploration and deployment have accelerated in previous years, as both photonic component performance and photonic integration complexity have been greatly enhanced and increased. It assists a variety of applications, involving datacom and telecom, as well as sensors, such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR), gyroscopes, biosensors, and spectrometers.
  • 756
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Hypercrosslinking of Poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) PolyHIPEs
The concept of polymer chain hypercrosslinking was introduced by Davankov, Rogoshin and Tsyurupa, using linear polystyrene or swollen gel-type poly (styrene-co-divinylbenzene) in the presence of an external crosslinker, solvent and a Lewis base as a catalyst.
  • 756
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
The application of inventions or products from nanotechnology has revolutionised all aspects of everyday life ranging from medical applications to its impact on the food industry. Nanoparticles have made it possible to significantly extend the shelf lives of food product, improve intracellular delivery of hydrophobic drugs and improve the efficacy of specific therapeutics such as anticancer agents. 
  • 756
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Polymer-Matrix Composites - Environmental Fatigue, Creep, Long-Term Durability
Polymer-matrix composites are widely used in engineering applications. Yet, environmental factors impact their macroscale fatigue and creep performances significantly, owing to several mechanisms acting at the microstructure level. Seawater, due to a combination of high salinity and pressures, low temperature and biotic media present, also contributes to the acceleration of fatigue and creep damage. Similarly, other liquid corrosive agents penetrate into cracks induced by cyclic loading and cause dissolution of the resin and breakage of interfacial bonds. UV radiation either increases the crosslinking density or scissions chains, embrittling the surface layer of a given matrix. Temperature cycles close to the glass transition damage the fibre–matrix interface, promoting microcracking and hindering fatigue and creep performance. The microbial and enzymatic degradation of biopolymers is also studied, with the former responsible for metabolising specific matrices and changing their microstructure and/or chemical composition. 
  • 755
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Macrocyclic Receptors
An important direction in the design of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic receptors for a certain substrate type is modification of the macrocycle periphery with bulky substituents or molecular fragments of different natures. Bulky highly-branched lateral substituents are capable of forming additional complexing cavities that can be used for identification and selective binding of substrates of a certain type.
  • 755
  • 14 Sep 2021
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