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Topic Review
The Microbiome and Cancer Development
Changes in the microbiome also induce complex changes in human cells. From a biological perspective, the normal cervicovaginal microbiome is composed mainly of Lactobacillus spp., thus exhibiting low bacterial diversity and protecting against carcinogenesis through various mechanisms. The lactobacilli secrete lactic acid, and the low vaginal pH promotes healthy local homeostasis. The lactobacilli also secrete cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and other metabolites that protect the local epithelium. They promote a healthy level of physiological inflammation that stimulates the immune system to fight against pathogens. On the other hand, the dysbiotic cervicovaginal microbiome exhibits a high diversity of microorganisms, primarily obligate and strict anaerobes, that lead to a high vaginal pH. The bacteria promote the disruption of the epithelial barrier and secrete various metabolites and enzymes such as sialidase, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and other carcinogenic metabolites that lead to chronic inflammation and a dysregulated local metabolism. Further down the line, they also lead to genotoxicity and genomic instability, as well as altered proliferation and altered apoptosis. The dysbiotic environment also promotes angiogenesis. The chronic inflammation activates immune cells that secrete even more proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 or Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), resulting in even more reactive oxygen species that further promote carcinogenic mechanisms. Hence, there are many different mechanisms through which the microbiota can impact carcinogenesis.
  • 338
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms and Factors of Ovarian Aging
Infertility is a global problem on the rise. The WHO defines it as a condition of the reproductive system that can be diagnosed when there is a “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. It occurs due to four broad causes: lifestyle choices, inheritable factors, health conditions, and aging, with a degree of overlap between each of these factors. There are various mechanisms and factors that contribute to infertility, most of which have some type of connection with oxidative damage.
  • 338
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
White-Tailed Deer Population Density and Tick-Borne Disease Risk
Spatial distributions between deer population density and human and canine tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in northeastern and southern Indiana, which are rural and mixed geographic areas. Overall, Lyme disease is more prevalent in the northwest, central-western, and southeastern counties, while ehrlichiosis is more common in the southern counties. These findings hold true across humans, canines, and deer.
  • 337
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Posterior Fossa Tumor Rehabilitation
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor mortality in childhood. Tumors of the skull base, such as posterior fossa tumors, were, in the past, associated with a poor prognosis. The evolution of surgical techniques, together with the greater knowledge of the anatomy and phisiology of these diseases and the progress made in diagnostic techniques, now allow treatments that are also curative.
  • 337
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Genomic Approaches to Cancer Screening in Primary Care
Genomic tests are being developed for use in cancer screening. As most screening is offered in primary care settings, primary care provider and patient perceptions of such tests are likely to affect uptake. 
  • 337
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota Modulation in Patients with IBS-C
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. The pathogenesis of IBS is not completely clear, but it is known to be multifactorial and complex. 
  • 336
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Mediterranean Diet
A cornerstone of any healthy lifestyle program is the inclusion of a balanced diet that can prevent various diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has become one of the most studied and widely reported diets and has received a lot of attention. The MD is a dietary plan based on Crete’s traditional eating habits. 
  • 335
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Factors Associated with HIV and Syphilis Co-Infection
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–syphilis co-infection poses a threat to certain populations, and patients may have considerably poorer health outcomes due to these infections. Males—particularly men who have sex with men—compose the overwhelming majority of co-infected cases. Additional risk factors include a low CD4 cell count, current or past sexually transmitted infections, and a high number of sexual partners. 
  • 334
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis and Sodium Toxicity
Salt intake is associated with multiple sclerosis; however, controversial findings that challenge this association rely primarily on methods that do not measure total sodium storage within the body, such as food surveys and urinary sodium excretion. In contrast, tissue sodium concentrations measured with sodium MRI confirm high sodium levels in multiple sclerosis, suggesting a role for sodium toxicity as a risk factor for the disease.
  • 334
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Telemedicine Respiratory Therapist Service of COVID-19
The telemedicine respiratory therapist (eRT) interventions were components of an evidence-based care bundle and included ventilator liberation protocols, low tidal volume protocols, tube patency, and an extubation checklist. In addition, the proactive rounding of patients, including ventilator checks, was included. An eRT service can support the bedside RT providers, effectively monitor best practice bundles, and carry out patient–ventilator assessments. It was effective in certain emergent situations and reduced the exposure of respiratory therapists (RTs) to COVID-19. 
  • 334
  • 16 Feb 2022
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