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Topic Review
The Related Metabolic Diseases and Treatments of Obesity
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat. Obesity is commonly associated with other metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancers. Factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, overnutrition, socioeconomic status, and other environmental and genetic conditions can cause obesity. Many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. 
  • 832
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Heparin-Grafted Hemodialysis Membranes
Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining extracorporeal blood purifying treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However, this membrane-based therapy is associated with acute side effects, life-threatening chronic conditions, and unacceptably high morbidity and mortality rates. Numerous surface coatings have been developed to improve the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant substance that increases the clotting time and increases the membrane hemocompatibility in terms of platelet adhesion and protein adsorption and anti-clotting activity. However, using heparin is challenging due to its severe or life-threatening side effects such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), in addition to heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT). In addition, heparin is strongly electronegative and exhibits a binding affinity for the positive active sites of human serum proteins, which is an additional challenge. Consequently, covalently immobilized heparin would create a more charged surface to induce more blood–membrane interactions, and consequently more adsorbed human serum proteins and biochemical pathway activations, which can negatively affect dialysis patients.
  • 724
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Foundational Principles and Adaptation of the Achilles Tendon
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is defined as consistent pain in the Achilles tendon coupled with a loss of function associated with mechanical loading. Achilles tendinopathy can either be classified as insertional AT (symptoms localized 0–2 cm from the distal insertion; 20–25% of Achilles tendon injuries) or midportion AT (symptoms localized 2–7 cm proximal to the insertion; 55–65% of Achilles tendon injuries).
  • 604
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Buildings in Saudi Arabia
Sustainable building practices are a response to environmental issues. Businesses and industries are assessing how their activities affect the environment. The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industries have significant impacts on the environment and economy, while the industry is considered one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and has, therefore, been highlighted by researchers as a key area of intervention with a great potential to reduce environmental impacts. 
  • 982
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Military Relevance of Vaccine-Preventable Infectious Diseases
The military worldwide have always been challenged with the issue of infectious diseases, which may deeply influence the outcome of battles/wars. The military are particularly exposed to the risk of infectious diseases for a series of reasons, including the community life, often in precarious environmental conditions regarding the hygiene of water and food supply, sanitation, the traumatism with contaminated wounds, and the possibility to be exposed to extreme temperatures and to diseases unknown in their country of origin, for which no natural immunization has, therefore, been developed.
  • 404
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Radiation
Modern humanity wades daily through various radiations, resulting in frequent exposure and causing potentially important biological effects. Among them, the brain is the organ most sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure.
  • 5.1K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Athletes during an Ramadan Fasting Period
The Ramadan fasting period (RFP) means abstaining from consuming food and/or beverages during certain hours of the day—from sunrise to sunset. Engaging in exercise and sports during the RFP leads to the lipolysis of adipose tissue and an increase in the breakdown of peripheral fat, leading to an increase in fat consumption. The effects of the RFP on functional, hematological, and metabolic parameters needs further study as existing studies have reported contradictory results. The differences in the results of various studies are due to the geographical characteristics of Muslim athletes, their specific diets, and their genetics, which explain these variations.
  • 470
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
A2 Milk
Although milk consumption is increasing worldwide, in some geographical regions, its consumption has persistently declined. This fact, together with the increase in milk production prices, has caused both milk producers and the dairy industry to be immersed in a major crisis. Some possible solutions to this problem are to get people who do not currently consume milk to start drinking it again, or to market milk and dairy products with a higher added value. In this context, a type of milk called A2 has recently received attention from the industry. This type of milk, characterized by a difference in an amino acid at position 67 of the β-casein polypeptide chain, releases much smaller amounts of bioactive opioid peptide β-casomorphin 7 upon digestion, which has been linked to harmful effects on human health. Additionally, A2 milk has been attributed worse technological properties in the production of some dairy products. Thus, doubts exist about the convenience for the dairy industry to bet on this product. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Music Therapy Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease Patients
Music therapy (MT) is an effective way to treat the gait disorders caused by Parkinson's disease. Rhythm music stimulation, therapeutic singing, and therapeutic instrument performance are often used in clinical practice. The mechanisms of music therapy on the gait of patients with Parkinson's disease include compensation mechanism of cerebellum recruitment, rhythm entrainment, acceleration of motor learning, stimulation of neural coherence, and increase of cortical activity. All mechanisms work together to complete the intervention of MTon patients' gait and help patients to recover better.
  • 723
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Infectious Diseases Associated with Hydrometeorological Hazards in Europe
Hydrometeorological hazards comprise a wide range of events, mainly floods, storms, droughts, and temperature extremes. Floods account for the majority of the related disasters in both developed and developing countries. Flooding alters the natural balance of the environment and frequently establishes a favorable habitat for pathogens and vectors to thrive. Diseases caused by pathogens that require vehicle transmission from host to host (waterborne) or a host/vector as part of their life cycle (vector-borne) are those most likely to be affected by flooding. 
  • 707
  • 29 Aug 2022
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