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Topic Review
Dissecting Polygenic Etiology of Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke (IS), the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is caused by many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This complex disease is also known for its multiple etiologies with moderate heritability. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which have been used to establish a common genetic basis for IS, may contribute to IS risk stratification for disease/outcome prediction and personalized management. Statistical modeling and machine learning algorithms have contributed significantly to this field. For instance, multiple algorithms have been successfully applied to PRS construction and integration of genetic and non-genetic features for outcome prediction to aid in risk stratification for personalized management and prevention measures. PRS derived from variants with effect size estimated based on the summary statistics of a specific subtype shows a stronger association with the matched subtype. The disruption of the extracellular matrix and amyloidosis account for the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Pathway-specific PRS analyses confirm known and identify novel etiologies related to IS.
  • 500
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Non-invasive for Adult Flatfoot
the effect of orthoses on adult flatfoot on reducing pain could not deny, especially at the early stage of deformity [12, 13]. Exercises for flatfoot were widely used and given some benefits in terms of decreased pain [14]. Exercises were also effective at strengthening foot muscles forming an arch. Two primary treatments were designed, which are active and passive intervention. The voluntary muscles produced the active interventions (AI), and in case wearing foot orthoses while doing exercises also considered as active. For example, active interventions were to practice exercises alone or do both exercises and foot orthoses. Passive interventions (PI) did not require body effort and involuntary participants during treatment, such as foot orthoses and stretching at the same procedure.  The two main approaches were active intervention (AI) and passive intervention (PI) with exercise and foot orthoses. At present, the overall effects of the active and passive intervention on adult flatfoot are still unclear because the results depend on skeletal and muscle maturity and the individual’s awareness. Furthermore, flatfoot progresses silently without any acute syndrome of pain or functional impairment. Thus, noninvasive methods that can be used over the long term and are cost-effective could be adopted. 
  • 500
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pollen on Adverse Respiratory Outcomes
Respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect millions worldwide and pose a significant global public health burden. Over the years, changes in land use and climate have increased pollen quantity, allergenicity and duration of the pollen season, thus increasing its impact on respiratory disease.
  • 499
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet and Resistance Training
Ketogenic diets (KDs) aim at inducing physiological ketosis (i.e., an increase in the concentration of ketone bodies in blood, usually above >0.5 mmol/L) through a marked reduction in carbohydrate intake (commonly <50 g/d or <10% of total energy intake). KDs have gained popularity in recent years among athletes. By virtue of the restriction they induce in carbohydrate availability, KDs promote the use of ketone bodies (i.e., acetoacetate, acetone and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) as an alternative energy substrate for different body tissues. Owing to the low carbohydrate availability induced by this type of diet, KDs induce a metabolic switch towards a greater reliance on fatty acids, which are required for the production of ketone bodies. 
  • 499
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sedentary Behavior in Aging Populations
Sedentary behavior poses a significant health risk to older adults. Sedentary behavior (SB) is known to be an essential part of the daily routine of older adults, exceeding eight hours per day. The concept is defined as any waking behavior that involves minimal energy expenditure (less than 1.5 metabolic equivalents) while sitting, leaning, or lying down. Higher levels of daily SB have been associated with significant health outcomes for adults, particularly older adults.
  • 499
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cultural Safety for LGBTQIA+ People
Although the concept of "cultural safety" as its origins in indigenous nursing care, there is support and rationale for applying this concept for LGBTQIA+ people as a population who experience health disparities due to barriers to access equitable care. Building on Mukerjee and colleagues' 5 "P" tenets (partnerships, personal activities of daily living, prevention of harm, patient centering, and purposeful self-reflection), reviewed studies on components of culturally safe care for LGBTQIA+ people revealed five themes: power-enhancing care; inclusive healthcare institutions; continuous education and research; promotion of visibility; and individualised care.
  • 498
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Fields and Cancer
Humans are exposed to a complex mix of man-made electric and magnetic fields (MFs) at many different frequencies, at home and at work. Epidemiological studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between residential/domestic and occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and some types of cancer.
  • 498
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cognitive Decline following Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers exposes small parts of the brain to radiation, resulting in radiation-induced changes in cerebral tissue. Implementation of neurocognitive assessment with advanced MRI examination in monitoring brain microstructural and functional changes of head and neck cancer patients could detect cognitive changes early. With suitable intervention, further deleterious effects on the patient’s cognition can be prevented.
  • 498
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Prognosis of Food Selectivity in Autism
Autisms Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by core symptoms (social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors) and related comorbidities, including sensory anomalies, feeding issues, and challenging behaviors. Children with ASD experience significantly more feeding problems than their peers. In fact, parents and clinicians have to manage daily the burden of various dysfunctional behaviors of children at mealtimes (food refusal, limited variety of food, single food intake, or liquid diet). These dysfunctional behaviors at mealtime depend on different factors that are either medical/sensorial or behavioral. 
  • 498
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)  are intact cells separated from the primary tumor or metastases and released into the peripheral circulation. They were observed and discovered for the first time in 1869 in the blood of a patient with breast cancer. CTCs mainly originate from solid tumors of epithelial origin (breast, prostate, colon, and lung). CTCs are nucleated and express epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and/or cytokeratins (CK) in the cytoplasm without coexpressing the common leukocyte antigen CD45. It is known today that there is significant heterogeneity in cell species and surface markers, which represents a challenge in isolating all clinically relevant subpopulations of CTCs.
  • 497
  • 22 Nov 2022
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