Encyclopedia
Scholarly Community
Encyclopedia
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Entry
Entry
Video
Image
Log in/Sign up
Submit
Entry
Video
Image
Subject:
All Disciplines
Arts & Humanities
Biology & Life Sciences
Business & Economics
Chemistry & Materials Science
Computer Science & Mathematics
Engineering
Environmental & Earth Sciences
Medicine & Pharmacology
Physical Sciences
Public Health & Healthcare
Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest
Latest
Alphabetical (A-Z)
Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All
Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Measures against Toxic of Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is a frequent contaminant in feeds/foods for animals and humans all over the world, is defined by IARC as a possible human carcinogen and belongs to group 2B mycotoxins, which is based on various experimental studies with rats or mice. Therefore, there are still some disputes among the research community in regard to the real potential of OTA to be carcinogenic for animals, poultry or humans because the mentioned above studies address mainly laboratory animals, such as mice or rats, whereas the data for humans, farm animals and poultry are still limited.
395
08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Anti-Cancer Therapy
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified and characterized in both hematopoietic and solid tumors. Many studies showed that CSCs can be identified and isolated by their expression of specific cell markers, such as ALDH, Nanog, Sox2, OCT3/4. The significance of CSCs with respect to tumor biology and anti-cancer treatment lies in their ability to maintain quiescence with very slow proliferation, indefinite self-renewal, differentiation, and trans-differentiation such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET). The ability for detachment, migration, extra- and intravasation, invasion and thereby of completing all necessary steps of the metastatic cascade highlights their significance for metastasis. In addition, CSCs comprise the cancer cell populations responsible for tumor growth and cancer metastasis, resistance to anticancer therapies.
395
17 May 2023
Topic Review
Obstructive Sleep Apnea(OSA)
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that affects all age groups and is associated with many co-morbid diseases (especially cardiovascular diseases). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard for treating OSA. However, and with increasing prevalence of CPAP non-adherence, other therapeutic interventions have emerged. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a novel modality of treating patients with moderate to severe OSA who are not adherent to CPAP.
394
02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Pollution and the Risk of Metabolic Disorders
Metabolic disorders are a spectrum of diseases that affect normal metabolic functioning and regulation. More than 500 metabolic disorders exist, two of the most common being diabetes mellitus and obesity. Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving the interaction of genetics, lifestyle and environment. It results in excessive adipose tissue deposition and is defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. In addition, obesity is the leading cause of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by an elevated blood glucose level, a chronic hyperglycemic state caused by a combination of pancreatic β-cell loss through apoptosis and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle. By contrast, type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune attack upon pancreatic β-cells, causing an almost complete loss of insulin production and secretion. Whilst a genetic predisposition can underlie the onset of type 1 diabetes, with particular loci of interest having been identified, environmental factors may also contribute. Well-established risk factors for type 2 diabetes and obesity are a sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, insulin resistance, environmental factors and genetics.
394
08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Community Occupational Therapists' Competencies in Neurorehabilitation
More than three million people in Chile suffer from neurological conditions, and many of these become permanent users of health services with a community approach. Interventions are essentially on a personal and microsocial level, focusing first on pathology and treatment, and later comprehending the interactions with a patient’s close social environment, such as family, schoolmates, and workmates and their physical environment at home, school, and the workplace. Although the final objective of community intervention is present in the discourse as being able to generate structural changes that favor well-being and social inclusion, concrete competencies are not appreciated on a macrosocial level.
394
20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
HIA in Public Health Genomics
Public health genomics (PHG) is the area of public health ensuring that scientific advances in genomics (“from cell...”) triggered by innovative technologies are timely, effectively and responsibly translated into health policies and practice for the benefit of population health (“...to society”). Health impact assessment (HIA) is a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population.
393
09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pollutants Generated in Piggeries
Reducing the sources of stress on farms allows for enhanced animal welfare and productivity. Aerial contaminants and pollutants that can be found in indoor animal houses are among these stressors. In Italy, the guidelines to assess animal welfare in pig farming are displayed in a protocol named “ClassyFarm”, based on European legislation. Specific indications are given on the microclimatic conditions of livestock indoor environments (temperature, relative humidity, dustiness) and air quality, especially regarding harmful gases such as ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Nevertheless, the recommended measurement techniques for dust and harmful gases are not satisfactory.
394
25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Smoking Cessation Apps
Smoking cessation interventions are effective, but they are not easily accessible for all treatment-seeking smokers. Mobile health (mHealth) apps have been used in recent years to overcome some of these limitations. Smoking cessation apps can be used in combination with a face-to-face intervention (FFSC-Apps), or alone as general apps (GSC-Apps). Smartphone apps for smoking cessation could be promising tools. However, more research with an adequate methodological quality is needed to determine its effect. Nevertheless, smartphone apps’ high availability and attractiveness represent a great opportunity to reach large populations.
393
24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
E-Health Literacy Research Focuses and Trends
With the rapid development of Internet technology, an increasing number of people are using networks to communicate and search for information in their lives and work. Because of the abundance of health information resources available on the Internet and the ease with which it can be accessed, people are gradually shifting away from traditional health information sources (such as newspapers, periodicals, and doctors’ offices) and toward the Internet.
393
17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cerebrovascular Diseases and COVID-19
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the human body’s neurological system. Atrophy is defined by the disintegration of the connections between cells that enable them to communicate. Peripheral neuropathy and demyelinating disorders, as well as cerebrovascular illnesses and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases, have all been linked to brain damage, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). It turns out that these diseases have a direct impact on brain atrophy. However, it may take some time after the onset of one of these diseases for this atrophy to be clearly diagnosed. With the emergence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there were several clinical observations of COVID-19 patients.
394
08 Feb 2023
Page
of
183
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Featured Books
>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Chief Editor:
Michael McAleer
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Chief Editor:
Stephen Bustin
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Chief Editor:
Luis V. Lopez-Llorca
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Chief Editor:
Sandro Serpa
Entry
Video
Image
Journal
Book
News
About
Log in/Sign up
New Entry
New Video
New Images
About
Terms and Conditions
Privacy Policy
Advisory Board
Contact
Partner
Video Production Service
Feedback
Top
Feedback
×
Help Center
Browse our user manual, common Q&A, author guidelines, etc.
Rate your experience
Let us know your experience and what we could improve.
Report an error
Is something wrong? Please let us know!
Other feedback
Other feedback you would like to report.
×
Did you find what you were looking for?
Love
Like
Neutral
Dislike
Hate
0
/500
Email
Do you agree to share your valuable feedback publicly on
Encyclopedia
’s homepage?
Yes, I agree. Encyclopedia can post it.
No, I do not agree. I would not like to post my testimonial.
Webpage
Upload a screenshot
(Max file size 2MB)
Submit
Back
Close
×