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Topic Review
Preventing Physical Inactivity during Future Pandemics
Wearable activity trackers are devices that are comfortably worn on the body and are designed to be effective in monitoring daily physical activity and improving physical fitness of the wearer. This review aimed to investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on physical activity measured using wearable activity trackers and discuss future perspectives on wearable activity trackers during pandemics. Daily physical activity was significantly decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • 488
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Physical and Chemical Restraint
A consensus definition of physical restraint describes it as "any action or procedure that prevents a person’s free body movement to a position of choice and/or normal access to his/her body by the use of any method, attached or adjacent to a person’s body that he/she cannot control or remove easily." (Bleijleves, Gulpers, Cpezuti, et. al., 2013). Definitions for chemical restraints in long-term care have included ‘medication classes’, e.g. psychotropics, hypnotics, etc. however, without a consensus definition of which drug classes are considered to be chemical restraint, there is no consistency. 
  • 487
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis has become increasingly associated with COVID-19, leading to the use of the term “COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM)”. Treatment of CAM is challenging due to factors such as resistance to many antifungals and underlying co-morbidities. India is particularly at risk for this disease due to the large number of patients with COVID-19 carrying comorbidities that predispose them to the development of mucormycosis. Additionally, mucormycosis treatment is complicated due to the atypical symptoms and delayed presentation after the resolution of COVID-19. 
  • 487
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Breast Density and Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Network
Breast density describes the amount of fibrous and glandular tissue in a breast compared with the amount of fatty tissue. The breast density is assigned to one of four classes in the mammogram report based on the ACR BI-RADS standard. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are a type of artificial neural network usually used for classification and computer vision tasks. Therefore, CNNs are considered efficient tools for medical imaging classification.
  • 487
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prevalent chronic pulmonary diseases requiring ongoing self-management. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 339 million people worldwide have asthma, and over 65 million suffer from moderate-to-severe COPD, making it the third leading cause of death worldwide. Asthma typically starts early in life and is related to an allergy, whereas COPD is typically caused by air pollutants such as cigarette smoke or biomass fuel.
  • 486
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microfluidic Platform for COVID-19
Spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the public health and economic sectors. It is urgently necessary to develop rapid, convenient, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for the early diagnosis and control of the plague’s transmission. Developing POCT methods and related devices is critical for achieving point-of-care diagnosis. The POCT devices based on microfluidic technology on the market, including paper-based microfluidic, centrifugal microfluidic, optical fluid, and digital microfluidic platforms.
  • 486
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of PM2.5 in Viral Infections
Several epidemiologic and toxicological studies have commonly viewed ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), defined as particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm, as a significant potential danger to human health. PM2.5 is mostly absorbed through the respiratory system, where it can infiltrate the lung alveoli and reach the bloodstream. In the respiratory system, reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) and oxidative stress stimulate the generation of mediators of pulmonary inflammation and begin or promote numerous illnesses. 
  • 485
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pregnancy Calcium-Deficiency, Offspring Insulin Resistance
Adverse nutritional conditions during pregnancy may permanently alter the structure or function of specific organs in the offspring, leading to various chronic diseases in adulthood. Maternal undernutrition, and the consequent low birth weight of offspring, predisposes the offspring to various diseases, including adult-onset insulin resistance syndrome. Calcium (Ca) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance syndrome. Cortisol, the most important glucocorticoid, is considered to lead to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 is a key enzyme that catalyzes the intracellular conversion of cortisone to physiologically active cortisol. 
  • 485
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Virucidal Efficacy of Laundering
Viruses contribute significantly to the burden of infectious diseases worldwide. Although there are multiple infection routes associated with viruses, it is important to break the chain of infection and thus consider all possible transmission routes. Consequently, laundering can be a means to eliminate viruses from textiles, in clinical settings well as for domestic laundry procedures. Several factors influence the survival and inactivation of microorganisms, including viruses on hard surfaces and textiles. Therefore, textiles should be regarded as potential fomites. While in clinical and industrial settings laundry hygiene is ensured by standardized processes, temperatures of at least 60 °C and the use of oxidizing agents, domestic laundry is not well defined. Thus, the parameters affecting viral mitigation must be understood and prudently applied, especially in domestic laundering. Laundering can serve as a means to break the chain of infection for viral diseases by means of temperature, time, chemistry and mechanical action.
  • 484
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic mRNAs
The structure of synthetic mRNAs as used in vaccination against cancer and infectious diseases contain specifically designed caps followed by sequences of the 5′ untranslated repeats of β-globin gene. The strategy for successful design of synthetic mRNAs by chemically modifying their caps aims to increase resistance to the enzymatic deccapping complex, offer a higher affinity for binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (elF4E) protein and enforce increased translation of their encoded proteins. However, the cellular homeostasis is finely balanced and obeys to specific laws of thermodynamics conferring balance between complexity and growth rate in evolution. An overwhelming and forced translation even under alarming conditions of the cell during a concurrent viral infection, or when molecular pathways are trying to circumvent precursor events that lead to autoimmunity and cancer, may cause the recipient cells to ignore their differential sensitivities which are essential for keeping normal conditions. The elF4E which is a powerful RNA regulon and a potent oncogene governing cell cycle progression and proliferation at a post-transcriptional level, may then be a great contributor to disease development. This Fact Sheet underscores the basic elements from within the official text of publication to highlight the hallmarks of disease progression due to synthetic mRNAs stability structures (analogue caps, 5’ untranlslated repeats of β-globin gene and poly A tails) fundamentally used in design of all synthetic mRNAs to promote the efficiency of translation of their encoded sequences by the human cell and therefore the organism. Specific bullet points in bold mean for urgency of further toxicity evaluation studies that need to be overtaken in order to ensure for safety of mRNAs in vaccines at current stages of development.
  • 484
  • 01 Sep 2021
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