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Topic Review
Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Headaches
Non-pharmacological treatments - such as behavioral treatmetns, nutraceuticals and non-invasive neurostimulation - are becoming increasingly used to overcome side effects or drug interactions which can make pharmacological management of headache disorders very difficult. Non-pharmacological treatments are in fact well tolerated and indicated for specific patient categories such as adolescents and pregnant women. 
  • 623
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing
New technologies such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), capable of analyzing cell-free fetal DNA in the maternal bloodstream, have become increasingly widespread and available, which has in turn led to ethical and policy challenges that need addressing. NIPT is not yet a diagnostic tool, but can still provide information about fetal genetic characteristics (including sex) very early in pregnancy, and there is no denying that it offers valuable opportunities for pregnant women, particularly those at high risk of having a child with severe genetic disorders or seeking an alternative to invasive prenatal testing. Nonetheless, the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) include multiple aspects of informed decision-making, which can entail risks for the individual right to procreative autonomy, in addition to the potential threats posed by sex-selective termination of pregnancy (in light of the information about fetal sex within the first trimester), and the stigmatization and discrimination of disabled individuals. 
  • 497
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Non-invasive for Adult Flatfoot
the effect of orthoses on adult flatfoot on reducing pain could not deny, especially at the early stage of deformity [12, 13]. Exercises for flatfoot were widely used and given some benefits in terms of decreased pain [14]. Exercises were also effective at strengthening foot muscles forming an arch. Two primary treatments were designed, which are active and passive intervention. The voluntary muscles produced the active interventions (AI), and in case wearing foot orthoses while doing exercises also considered as active. For example, active interventions were to practice exercises alone or do both exercises and foot orthoses. Passive interventions (PI) did not require body effort and involuntary participants during treatment, such as foot orthoses and stretching at the same procedure.  The two main approaches were active intervention (AI) and passive intervention (PI) with exercise and foot orthoses. At present, the overall effects of the active and passive intervention on adult flatfoot are still unclear because the results depend on skeletal and muscle maturity and the individual’s awareness. Furthermore, flatfoot progresses silently without any acute syndrome of pain or functional impairment. Thus, noninvasive methods that can be used over the long term and are cost-effective could be adopted. 
  • 490
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Oral Cancer
Oral cancer (OC) is among the most prevalent cancers in the world. Certain geographical areas are disproportionately affected by OC cases due to the regional differences in dietary habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption. However, conventional therapeutic methods do not yield satisfying treatment outcomes. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the disease process and to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OC.
  • 166
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and Endometrial Cancer
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism and neoplastic transformation. Recent studies have tried to clarify the significance of these information carriers in the genesis and progression of various cancers and their use as biomarkers for the disease; possible targets for the inhibition of growth and invasion by the neoplastic cells have been suggested. The significance of ncRNAs in lung cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, and melanoma has been amply investigated with important results. Recently, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has also been included in cancer studies. Studies on the relation between endometrial cancer (EC) and ncRNAs, such as small ncRNAs or micro RNAs (miRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), antisense RNAs (asRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), lncRNAs, and long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) have been published. The recent literature produced in the last three years was extracted from PubMed by two independent readers, which was then selected for the possible relation between ncRNAs, oncogenesis in general, and EC in particular.
  • 751
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Non-alcoholic Fraction of Beer
The present review focuses on the effects of non-alcoholic components of beer on abdominal fat, osteoporosis and body hydration in women, conditions selected for their relevance to health and aging. Although beer drinking is commonly believed to cause abdominal fat deposition, the available literature indicates this outcome is inconsistent in women. Additionally, the non-alcoholic beer fraction might improve bone health in postmenopausal women, and the effects of beer on body hydration, although still unconfirmed seem promising. Most of the health benefits of beer are due to its bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, which are the most studied. As alcohol-free beer also contains these compounds, it may well offer a healthy alternative to beer consumers.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis and Oxidative Stress
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a challenging disease caused by multiple factors, which may partly explain why it still remains an orphan of adequate therapies. It highlights the interaction between oxidative stress (OS) and disturbed lipid metabolism. Several reactive oxygen species generators, including those produced in the gastrointestinal tract, contribute to the lipotoxic hepatic (and extrahepatic) damage by fatty acids and a great variety of their biologically active metabolites in a “multiple parallel-hit model”. This leads to inflammation and fibrogenesis and contributes to NAFLD progression. The alterations of the oxidant/antioxidant balance affect also metabolism-related organelles, leading to lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This OS-induced damage is at least partially counteracted by the physiological antioxidant response. Therefore, modulation of this defense system emerges as an interesting target to prevent NAFLD development and progression. For instance, probiotics, prebiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation represent new therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota dysbiosis. The OS and its counter-regulation are under the influence of individual genetic and epigenetic factors as well.
  • 629
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis are various and involve pro-inflammatory agents, oxidative stress, apoptosis, adipokines, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-1 activation, increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activity, immunomodulation, and alteration of the gut microbiota.
  • 332
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Noise Levels in University Dental Clinic
Noise levels in a dental office can be produced by different specialty instruments. Exposure to high levels of noise (unwanted sounds) may cause auditory and non-auditory health problems in dentists.
  • 234
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
No and Low Alcohol Products
Reducing the alcoholic strength in beverages as a strategy to reduce harmful alcohol use has been proposed by multilateral institutions such as the World Health Organization and governments worldwide. Different industrial and artisanal techniques are used to achieve low-alcohol content beverages. Therefore, regulations regarding the content of alcohol in beverages and strategies to monitor compliance are important, because they are the main reason for classification of the beverages and are central to their categorization and market labelling. Furthermore, analytical techniques with adequate sensitivity as low as 0.04% vol are necessary to determine the alcohol ranges necessary for classification. 
  • 352
  • 29 Sep 2022
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